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Summary
It is a
brief
,
thorough
and
objective
restatement
of the main idea and key points of a longer composition.
What is a summary?
Basic requirements
1.
No comments
Don’t share your own opinion about the issue.
2.
No
details
Omit detailed information, examples and dialogues.
3
.
No
copying
Don’t copy the original sentences.
Condense
(
缩写)
sentences.
4. Coherence
Use the shortest possible
transitions,like however,besides,because etc.
5. Number of words
Write in about 60 words(40-80).
Tips: Ways of
condensation
Use synonyms or synonymous
phrases
.
01
He knew English well.
He had a
very
good
command of English.
Turn complex sentences into simple
ones.
02
He received a welcome that was as cold as ice.
He received a
(n)_____
welcome
.
icy
Combine the
sentences
.
03
Hurry up
______
you
’
ll
miss the train.
Hurry up. If you
don
’
t
,
you
’
ll
miss the train.
Replace direct speech with indirect speech.
04
Mary
looked at
Jerry disapprovingly and said,
“You put
too
much salt on your food,
Jerry. Stop it.”
Mary
asked
Jerry
not to put too much salt on his
food.
or
Summary ——Passage A
What would you do when you feel unhappy?
Will you complain to others?
complain
A
B
C
Reading and understanding
Narration
What is the style of Passage A?
Argumentation
Exposition (
说明文
)
Read for the structure.
The elements of an argumentation
a strong statement of opinion
s
upporting evidence
the topic sentence
supporting sentences
Practice: summary writing
Step one
Find the topic sentence
in Para 1
Step two
Underline the supporting sentences in Para 2
,
3 and 4
Step three
Summarize it in your own words, using transitions to make it coherent.
P
a
r
a
1
There are times when nothing seems to be working in our favor. We may use complaining as a coping mechanism when we are truly unhappy. However, there are many times when we don’t try our best and just want things to work our way. We may try to cover our faults by complaining about the unfairness of it all. These are expressive complaints where the complainer just wants to let out his/her anger or frustration, with no real intention of solving the problem. The complainer expects pity and recognition from the listeners although the results often disappoint him/her.
Sometimes people use complaining to let out bad feelings instead of solving problems
.
summarize Para1
P
a
r
a
2
Sometimes, we use complaints as a conversation starter. Conversations that start with a complaint often have a domino effect. It may cause the listener to include his/her complaints in the conversation as well, which makes you think that you are not the only one facing problems. However, your good feeling won’t last long as long as you are always focusing on the negative.
It won't make you happy because you always focus on the negative.
summarize Para 2
P
a
r
a
3
When complaining becomes a habit, you complain to anyone that comes around. Negativity that comes from complaining kills creativity and innovation (创新). Habitual complainers are less likely to come up with new ideas, as they are busy finding faults and discourage others from trying new things by making them feel that they won’t work. When you spend time with people who constantly complain, you are likely to view things in a negative light. This will make things worse. This can affect the way you perceive your own situation, and even the people around you.
Hanging out with habitual complainers may affect the way you see things in a negative pespective, which can also kill your creativity.
summarize Para 3
P
a
r
a
4
Though expressing your feelings may momentarily improve your state of mind, it could sometimes have a bad effect on the listener’s state of mind. A recent study has shown that at social gatherings while people who are unhappy may join you when you play the victim at the beginning, the majority would start avoiding you because of your negativity.
People
usually try to avoid a person who is always
complaining.
summarize Para 4
supporting evidence.
(Para 2
,
3&4)
…,
your good feeling won’t last long as long as you are always focusing on the negative
.
Negativity that
comes from complaining kills creativity and innovation.
When
you spend time with people who constantly complain, you are likely to view things in a negative light.
…,
the majority would start avoiding you because of your negativity
.
The key words:
complain
negative/negativity
negative
.
Negativity
negative
negativity
.
complaining
.
complain
What do you think of the
two summaries of Passage A
? According to the criteria,
give your comments.
We may
complain when
we
are
unhappy. The complainer hopes that listeners can show pity
to
him, but the results are often
unsatisfactory
. If people always complain, they can’t
think of creative
ideas, as they are
devoted to
finding faults and discourage others from trying
something new.
Meanwhile, when you
talk
with people who
always
complain,
you
may be influenced and
view things negatively. Though
expressing your feelings may
momentarily improve your state of mind, it could sometimes have a bad effect on the listener’s state of mind
.
Sample 1
4.c
opy the original sentence
1.m
ore than 80 words
2.tedious
3.c
ontain detailed information
We may complain when we are unhappy. We expect others’ pity and recognition. We can’t feel truly happy when we always think in a negative way. If you are used to complaining in your conversation, listeners may also view things negatively. They will finally avoid you. I think we shouldn’t always complain to others when things don’t go smoothly.
l
ack coherence
c
ontain a subjective comment
Sample 2
Sometimes people use complaining to let out bad feelings instead of solving problems
.
_________
, it won't make you happy because you always focus on the negative.
_______
, hanging out with habitual complainers may affect the way you see things in a negative pespective which can also kill your creativity. And
people
usually try to avoid a person who is always
complaining.
Possible version
:
However
Besides
Using what we have learnt today write your own summary.
Criteria
Brief-about 60 words
Complete
thorough
original
Coherent
Homework
Give comments on your deskmate’s summary according to the criteria.
Read
Passage B
in your work sheet and
write a summary of about 60 words for it using what we have learned in this class.
Thank you !
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