【英语】2019届二轮语法复习专题八定语从句（11页word版） 11页

‎2019届二轮语法复习专题八定语从句 定语从句是英语三大类从句中最难的一类，今后高考对定语从句的考查还将集中在对关系代词和关系副词的考查上。主要考点有：‎ ‎(1)关系代词引导的定语从句；‎ ‎(2)“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，关系代词及介词的选用；‎ ‎(3)which，that的用法区别；‎ ‎(4)as，which的用法区别；‎ ‎(5)关系副词引导的定语从句。‎ 关 系 代 词 ‎1．关系代词的基本用法 关系代词 修饰的先行词 所作成分 who 人 主语、宾语 whom 人 宾语 that 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 which 物 主语、宾语、表语 whose 人或物 定语 as 人或物 主语、宾语、表语 ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎1．All ________ can be eaten has been eaten up.‎ 解析：that　先行词为不定代词All，此处用关系代词that而不是which引导定语从句，并在从句中作主语。‎ ‎2．The white building ________ roof was damaged is a small church.‎ 解析：whose　考查定语从句。whose 引导定语从句，修饰先行词“The white building”，whose 在从句中作定语。句意：那个屋顶被毁坏了的白色建筑物是个小教堂。‎ ‎3．John got beaten in the game, ________ had been expected.‎ 解析：as　此处为非限制性定语从句，关系代词在从句中作主语且表示“正如……”的意思，因此要用as。‎ ‎2．as 与 which引导的定语从句的比较 ‎(1)as用作关系代词或关系副词，引导限制性定语从句，并在从句中作宾语、表语或状语等，可构成 the same...as，such...as等。‎ ‎(2)as也可以引导非限制性定语从句。as在定语从句中作主语、表语或宾语，这个定语从句说明整个句子，可放在主句之前。常用的这种类似插入语的句式有as is said above，as is already mentioned above，as often happens，as is often the case，as is reported in the newspaper等。‎ ‎(3)关系代词which和as在引导非限制性定语从句时的区别是：which引导的非限制性定语从句只能放在主句后，而as引导的非限制性定语从句可以位于主句前，也可位于主句中或主句后；as有“正如，像”之意，而which意为“这一点，这件事”。‎ 如：This is the most fantastic thing that I have ever done.‎ 这是我有史以来做的最了不起的事。‎ John was late for work again，which made his boss very angry.‎ 约翰上班又迟到了，这使得老板很生气。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎4．He is such a boy ________ is always finding fault with others.‎ 解析：as　先行词前有such修饰，故用as引导定语从句。句意：他是这样一个总爱挑别人毛病的男孩。‎ ‎5．This is the house in that Lu Xun once lived.‎ 解析：that→which介词后面用which而非that引导定语从句。句意：这就是鲁迅曾经住过的房子。‎ ‎3．“介词＋关系代词”的用法 定语从句中谓语部分若有介词，有时可把该介词提前至关系代词前，形成“介词＋关系代词”，引导定语从句时，关系代词可用which(指物)、whom(指人)、whose(指人或物，后紧跟名词)。‎ China is a beautiful country，of which we are greatly proud.(be proud of)‎ 中国是一个美丽的国家，我们为此感到非常自豪。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎6．A good advertisement often uses words ________ people attach positive meanings.‎ 解析：to which　短语attach...to...的意思是“把……附到……上”，“people attach positive meanings”是定语从句，修饰先行词words，故此处填to which。‎ ‎7．(2016·浙江卷)Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of ________ has been proved.‎ 解析：which　句意：关于人类为什么哭的时候会流泪，科学家已经提出了很多理论，没有一个是被证明的。这是一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是theories，指物，定语从句用“代词＋介词＋关系代词which”引导。‎ 关系副词的基本用法 关系副词在定语从句中作状语，表示时间用when，表示地点用where，表示原因用why。具体如下表所示：‎ 关系副词 所修饰的先行词 在从句中所作的成分 when 时间名词 时间状语 where 地点名词 地点状语 why 原因名词 原因状语 ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎8．(2016·天津卷)We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，________ the weather may be better.‎ 解析：when　句意：我们将把在公园里进行野餐推迟到下周，那时天气可能更好。空后是非限制性定语从句，从句中缺少状语，先行词是表示时间的名词next week，故用when引导。‎ ‎9．(2015·天津卷)The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ ‎ his employees enjoy their work.‎ 解析：where　句意：这家公司的老板正试图创造一个员工都喜欢工作的轻松环境。先行词为抽象地点名词，定语从句中缺少状语，故用where引导。‎ ‎10．I have come around to explain the reason ________ I was absent from the meeting.‎ 解析：why　句意：我来是为了向你解释我当时没到会的原因。此处why引导一个定语从句，表示原因。‎ 先行词为抽象名词的定语从句 一般而言，我们经常会根据先行词的意思去判断关系词是用指代人的还是指代事物的，或者是用关系副词when还是关系副词where。在往年的高考试题中所出现的先行词一般都是意思比较明显的名词，考生们可以轻易判断出这个词和时间有关系还是和地点有关系，但最近几年试题中却出现了先行词为一些表示抽象概念的单词，这些词或者是考生对其意思不太熟悉，或者是有不同的意思，让考生一时难以琢磨这些词到底是强调时间还是地点，从而填错答案。命题人最常用的这类词有occasion(时机，场合)，situation(情形，情况)，case(例子，情况)，point(要点，阶段)，tradition(传统，习惯)，activity(活动)，position(位置)等。‎ 当关系词在从句中作状语时，常用where引导。如：‎ They have reached the point where they have to separate.‎ 他们到了不得不分手的地步。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎11．I don’t like the job ________ I don’t have much freedom as a farmer.‎ 解析：where　考查where引导的定语从句。此处先行词不是具体的表地点的名词，而是抽象意义上的表地点的名词，故用where。‎ ‎12．Students should involve themselves in community activities ________ they can gain experience for growth.‎ 解析：where　句意：学生们应该投身于那些他们在其中能够积累成长经验的社区活动。根据句子结构及句意可知，本句为定语从句，community activities 为先行词，在从句中作抽象地点状语，应用关系副词where引导。‎ 定语从句是英语中的重要项目，也是高考中的必考项目之一。掌握定语从句的关键是熟知关系词的作用、用法区别，并且弄清定语从句和先行词之间的关系。‎ 一．定语从句及其引导词 种类 关系代词 关系副词 限制性定语从句 that，which，who，whom，whose，as等 when，where，why等 非限制性定语从句 which，who，whom，whose，as 等 when，where等 ‎[巧学巧记]‎ ‎1．定语从句关系词的用法 关系词，引定从，它们的用法各不同。that可当主、宾用，指人指物都能行。‎ which仅用来指物，主语、宾语它也能。who和whom用来指人，作主语、宾语要分清。‎ whose一词有本领，指人指物都可行。时间状语要用when，地点状语where行。‎ 原因状语选why。as能作主语或宾语，指代全句或部分，常与the same，such配。‎ ‎2．关系代词that与which that，which可互换，下列情况勿照办。‎ that情况比较多，先来对你说一说。‎ 不定代词这一伙，全用that准没错。‎ 先行词前有修饰，千万不要用which。‎ 要用which别着急，介词提前逗隔离。‎ 二．定语从句试题的解题步骤 一般来说，定语从句的解题方法主要遵循以下步骤：‎ ‎1．判断从句是否是定语从句 这一步骤主要是看空格前的词汇的词性。如果前面是名词，一般是定语从句或者名词性从句中的同位语从句。区别起来比较简单。同位语从句中的先行词一般是含有内容的词汇。例如：This is a man who shows love to everybody.先行词man一般没有内容，所以一般判断为定语从句。而The news that the man committed suicide shocked everybody.中的“the man committed suicide”是消息的内容，所以判断为同位语从句。同位语从句的用法，我们将在下一讲义中给大家解释。所以，在判断定语从句的过程中，最重要的是判断前面的词汇是名词词性。2.判断句子(定语从句)的完整性 此处的完整性是指句子是否拥有以下几种句子结构的全部成分。‎ ‎(1)主谓宾 谓语动词为及物动词。‎ ‎(2)主系表 除了be动词以外，也可以用feel，keep，remain等其他可以作系动词的实义动词代替。‎ ‎(3)主谓 谓语动词一般为不及物动词或者拥有不及物动词的性质的短语。‎ 如果句子中缺少了以上三种句型中的某一成分，我们习惯把句子称为不完整，反之则完整。‎ ‎3．句子完整的做法 当定语从句按照以上规则判断为完整后，则一般用关系副词when，where，why。‎ The reason why I am late is a secret.(I am late主系表结构)‎ Nobody knows the place where I slept yesterday.(I slept主谓结构)‎ There are many times when soldiers help ordinary people.(soldiers help ordinary people主谓宾结构)‎ ‎4．句子不完整的做法 当定语从句按照以上规则判断为不完整后，一般分为以下两种情况。‎ ‎(1)如果定语从句中的动词为及物动词，则直接使用相应的who，which，that，whom。‎ The place which I love is Sydney.(定语从句I love缺少宾语，是物，用which或者that。同时，作宾语也可以省略。)The criminal who killed four women in a day was arrested.(定语从句killed four women in a day中缺少主语，是人，用who或者that，不可以省略。)‎ ‎(2)如果定语从句中的动词为不及物动词，需要看动词后有没有介词，如果有介词，直接使用相应的who，which，that，whom。如果缺少介词，则用when，where，why。‎ The pianist studied in the library which an old librarian looked after.(look在此为不及物动词，其后有介词after，故填which或者that。)‎ The reason why I am searching confuses everybody.(search缺少宾语，且缺少介词for，故填why或者for which。也就是用缺少的介词＋which。)‎ 总而言之，定语从句的做题方法遵循以下步骤：看先行词(名词)；‎ 看句子结构(是否完整)；‎ 看动词(是否及物)；‎ 看介词(是否有介词)；‎ 看先行词(有些介词取决于先行词)。‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎1．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)Like anything，it is possible to have too much fat and salt，________ is not good for the health.‎ 解析：which　此处which引导非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎2．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In their spare time，they are interested in planting vegetables in their garden，that is on the rooftop of their house.________‎ 解析：that→which　非限制性定语从句常常使用which而不用that引导。‎ ‎3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Sarah，________has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.‎ 解析：who　此处是非限制定语从句，从句缺少主语，指人，故用who。‎ ‎4．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Around me in the picture are the things they were very important in my ‎ life at that time：car magazines and musical instruments.________‎ 解析：they→that/which　定语从句用that或者which指代things。‎ ‎5．(2017·天津卷)My eldest son，________ work takes him all over the world，is in New York at the moment.‎ 解析：whose　句意：我的大儿子目前在纽约，他的工作使得他世界各地到处跑。此处考查非限制性定语从句，同时，my eldest son与work是所属关系，故用whose。‎ ‎6．(2017·北京卷)The little problems ________ we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.‎ 解析：that/which/不填　考查定语从句。句意：我们在日常生活中遇到的那些小问题可能是导致伟大发明的灵感所在。定语从句中的谓语动词meet为及物动词，故用关系代词作其宾语。‎ ‎7．(2017·江苏卷)In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.‎ 解析：whose　考查定语从句。句意：1963年，联合国建立世界粮食计划署，它的目的之一就是缓解全球饥饿。根据先行词“the World Food Programme”和“purpose”间的所属关系，故用whose。‎ ‎8．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, ________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.‎ 解析：when　分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词表示时间，所填词在定语从句中作时间状语，故填when。‎ ‎9．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，________ lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C.，influenced the development of chopsticks.‎ 解析：who　句意：一些人认为生活在大约公元前551年到479年之间的中国的伟大学者孔子影响了筷子的发展进程。所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中作主语，指人，所以填who。‎ ‎10．(2016·浙江卷)The study suggests that the cultures we grow up in influence the basic processes by ________ we see the world around us.‎ 解析：which　句意：研究表明我们成长的文化影响我们看周围世界的基本过程。这是一个定语从句，先行词为指物的the basic processes，所以介词by后面用which。‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎1．(2018·泰安模拟)The book tells stories of the earthquake through the eyes of those ________ lives were affected.‎ 解析：whose　句意：这本书从生活遭受地震影响的人们的视角来讲述地震的故事。主句结构完整，先行词为those，引导词代替先行词在从句中修饰名词lives，作定语，因此填whose。‎ ‎2．(2018·重庆巴蜀中学一诊)In today’s competitive economy，________ everyone is trying to do more with less，you’ve got to figure out a way to profit from the very beginning.‎ 解析：where　分析句子结构可知，设空处引导非限制性定语从句，先行词是today’s competitive economy，表示抽象意义，其后的定语从句应用where引导。句意：在今天竞争激烈的经济形势下，每个人都在努力用较少的付出取得更多的成果，你得从一开始就弄明白盈利的方式。‎ ‎3．(2018·黄山模拟)Cultural shock is a feeling ________ most travelers experience in a foreign country ________ they find the culture is quite different from that of their own.‎ 解析：which/that；where　句意：文化冲击是大多数游客在外国会经历的一种感觉，在那里他们会感觉外国的文化和自己的(文化)有很大的不同。分析句子成分可知，两空均引导定语从句，第一空引导的定语从句修饰先行词a feeling，且在从句中作宾语，因此用which或that引导；第二空引导的定语从句修饰先行词a foreign country，在从句中作地点状语，故用where引导。‎ ‎4．(2018·龙岩质检改编)Tibet is such a place ________ all the people across the world are dreaming of visiting.‎ 解析：as　句意：西藏是一个全世界所有的人都梦想游览的地方。定语从句的先行词为a place，其前有such修饰，应用关系代词as引导。‎ ‎5．(2018·石家庄联考)I’m writing to ask you to come and give a speech，that is on American country music.‎ 解析：that→which　逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为speech，指物，且在从句中作主语，应用which引导该从句。故将that改为which。‎ ‎6．(2018·揭阳调研)I’ve been prepared for the coming entrance exam，that is vital for me and my future life.‎ 解析：that→which　逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词为the coming entrance exam，指物，在从句中作主语，因此应用which引导该从句。that不用于引导非限制性定语从句。‎ ‎7．(2018·邢台模拟)I sat next to Hailey，that was my first friend there.________‎ 解析：that→who　逗号后为非限制性定语从句；先行词为Hailey，指人，且在定语从句中作主语，所以只能用who引导。‎ ‎8．(2018·湖南师范大学附中月考)It was known to all，the Internet is playing an important part in our daily life.________‎ 解析：It→As　逗号前为定语从句，所以要用关系词引导；It是指示代词，不能起到连接的作用；又因这个定语从句在先行词前，结合语境可知只能用As，在句首要大写。‎ ‎9．(2018·西安八校联考)I am a 25yearold young man which graduated from the Foreign Languages Department of Jilin University.________‎ 解析：which→who/that　本句中含有定语从句，先行词为man，指人，且在从句中作主语，应用who或that引导。‎ ‎10．(2018·山东师范大学附中模拟)I made friends with the daughter of my homestay family，which was a college student.‎ 解析：which→who　逗号后为非限制性定语从句，先行词是the daughter，且在从句中作主语，所以定语从句应用who引导。‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空 用适当的关系代词和关系副词填空 There was a time __1__ I was tired of learning English and disliked to speak English.And this was the reason __2__ my father forced me to join in a 30day training in an English club before I went to senior high school.When I first came to the club，__3__ I met many strangers，I missed my parents very much.So I packed up my things and wanted to go home.Fortunately，my guide, __4__ teacher was Yu Minhong，communicated with me face to face，from __5__ I gained some useful instructions.He also showed me a good partner，and we got along well with each other.Gradually I adapted to the life there.Every day I would like to talk to other teenagers and set down a series of activities __6__ we did.I should be grateful to my father and the guide，__7__ encouraged me to fall in love with English.Now I feel it interesting to learn English，into __8__ I put my entire energy.Every day I read my words and passages aloud.In class I join in English discussions.Before I go to sleep，I recall the passages，through __9__ I can memorize a large number of new words.__10__ our English teacher says，“As long as you form the habit of learning English every day and have perseverance，you will conquer English sooner or later.” ‎ ‎[语篇解读]　本文为记叙文，叙述了作者参加英语俱乐部的难忘经历。在那里作者遇到了一位好老师，那位老师使作者对英语学习产生了兴趣。作者还养成了学习英语的好习惯。‎ ‎1．解析：when　句意：有一段时间，我讨厌学英语并且不喜欢说英语。There was a time when...有一段时间……。‎ ‎2．解析：why　This is/was the reason why...这就是……的原因。‎ ‎3．解析：where　先行词是the club，关系词在从句中作地点状语，故填where。‎ ‎4．解析：whose　先行词为my guide，代入定语从句后为：My guide’s teacher was Yu Minhong.由此可见，先行词与teacher之间是所属关系，故用whose引导。‎ ‎5．解析：which　先行词为“my guide communicated with me face to face”；先行词在定语从句中作from的宾语，且介词from提前，故填which。‎ ‎6．解析：that/which　先行词是activities，且先行词在定语从句中作宾语，故用that或which引导或省略关系代词。‎ ‎7．解析：who　先行词为my father and the guide，关系词在定语从句中作主语，且指“人”，所以用who引导。‎ ‎8．解析：which　先行词为English，关系词在定语从句中作介词into的宾语，且介词into已被提前，故填which。‎ ‎9．解析：which　每天入睡前我总是回忆所学的文章，通过这种方法，我能记住大量的英语生词。先行词为I recall the passages，关系词在定语从句中作介词through的宾语，且介词已被提前，故用which引导。‎ ‎10．解析：As　句意：正如我们英语老师所说的：“只要你们养成每天学英语的习惯并且坚持不懈，你们迟早会征服英语。”非限制性定语从句置于句首，指代引号内直接引语的内容，故需用as引导。‎ Ⅲ.短文改错 Last weekend we went for camping in the mountains with our teacher，Anna.When we arrived，we made a camp fire first.Then，Anna taught us to catch fish so that they could have more food to eat that night.I liked the airs there because it was fresh and clean.Many stars were up highly in the sky and the moon looked bright.We all sat around the fire，listening Anna’s stories about her childhood.She was born into a poor family or she worked very hard to be successful.I was very touched that I couldn’t sleep the whole night，thought about being a teacher in the future.When I get home，I said to my parents，“Everything was great about the camping.I want to be the teacher like Anna in the future.”‎ 答案：‎ Last weekend we went for camping in the mountains with our teacher，Anna.When we arrived，we made a camp fire first.Then，Anna taught us to catch fish so that could have more food to eat that night.I liked the there because it was fresh and clean.Many stars were up in the sky and the moon looked bright.We all sat around the fire，listening Anna’s stories about her childhood.She was born into a poor family she worked very hard to be successful.I was touched that I couldn’t sleep the whole night，/ about being a teacher in the future.When I home，I said to my parents，“Everything was great about the camping.I want to be teacher like Anna in the future.”‎