【英语】2019届二轮复习语法复习专题五介词和介词短语（14页word版） 14页

‎2019届二轮复习语法复习专题五介词和介词短语 介词是一种用来表示词与词、词与句之间的关系的虚词，在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词、代词或相当于名词的短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词短语，在句中可作定语、状语、表语或补语。‎ 高考对介词的考查主要集中在介词的基本用法及介词与其他词性构成的固定搭配上。语法填空中对介词的考查形式为非提示型。‎ 常见介词的基本用法 for，by，with，of，on，in等是常考的介词。掌握这些介词的基本用法和意义，准确把握句子语境是解题的关键。‎ ‎1．for “(表示时间、距离)达到，计，因为，为了，就……而言，(表示去向)往，向”等。如：‎ The meeting lasted for an hour.‎ 这次会议持续了一个小时。‎ He is tall for his age.‎ 就他的年龄而言，他是个高个子。‎ We saw him heading for us.‎ 我们看见他向我们走来。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句改错 ‎1．I have to raise a huge amount of money on the trip.‎ 解析：on→for　句意：我得为这次旅行积攒一大笔钱。根据句意可知，此处表示目的，故应用for。‎ ‎2．His mother told us the boy left home with some reason.‎ 解析：with→for　句意：他的母亲告诉我们这个男孩由于某种原因离开了家。根椐句意可知，此处表示原因，故应改with为for。‎ ‎3．Let’s take action from now on to show concern to the old around us.‎ 解析：concern后面的to→about/for/over　句意：让我们从现在开始行动起来去关心身边的老人。show concern about/for/over“关心……”为固定搭配，介词应用about/for/over。‎ ‎2．by“在……旁，靠近，乘(车、船等)，不迟于，被，由，按照，通过……方式，数量(程度)达到”等。如：‎ The telephone is by the window.‎ 电话在窗户旁边。‎ Switch it on by pressing this button.‎ 按下这个开关启动它。‎ Can you finish the work by five o’clock?‎ 你五点钟前能完成工作吗？‎ The water in the river rose by two meters.‎ 这条河里的水上涨了两米。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎4．It’s only an hour away ________ car and offers all the scenery of the bestknown city.‎ 解析：by　by car乘汽车，by表示乘坐某种交通工具，是常见用法。‎ ‎5．Our team lost the match at one score at last.‎ 解析：one前的at→by　句意：最终我们队以一分之差输掉了比赛。by表示增加或减少的程度。‎ ‎3．with“带有，具有，随着，因为，就……来说，用，以，和，与，对于，关于”等。如：‎ A young woman came in with a cup of coffee.‎ 一名年轻女子端着一杯咖啡走了进来。‎ He turned red with anger.‎ 他气得脸变红了。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎6．I have made much progress ________ the help of my deskmate recently.‎ 解析：with　句意：近期在同桌的帮助下我取得了很大进步。with the help of... “在……的帮助下”为固定搭配，故应用介词with。‎ ‎7．Unfortunately，on the development of the economy，the environment has been polluted.‎ 解析：on→with　句意：不幸的是，随着经济的发展，环境被污染了。with the development of“随着……的发展”。故应改on为with。‎ ‎4．of “属于，关于”等。此外，还常用在“It is/was＋形容词＋of...”‎ 句型中，表示描述对象的特征。如：‎ This is a friend of mine.‎ 这是我的一位朋友。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎8．A common memory they all have ________ their schooldays is the school uniform.‎ 解析：of　句意：他们共有的关于他们学生时代的记忆是校服。have a memory of “对……的记忆”。‎ ‎9．It’s easy of anybody to ride whether young or old.‎ 解析：of→for　句意：不管老幼，对于任何人来说骑车都是件容易的事。“It is/was＋形容词＋of...”表示描述对象的特征。根据句意可知，此处应用介词for，表示“对于”。‎ ‎5．on“在……之上，在(某一天)，处在……情况中，关于(事或人)”等。如：‎ on the table在桌子上，on Sept.1在‎9月1日，on sale出售，on foot步行，an article on art 一篇关于艺术的文章。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎10．He invited me to a dance ________ the afternoon of his arrival.‎ 解析：on　句意：在他到达的那天下午，他邀请我去跳舞。表示在特定的某一天的上午或下午用介词on。‎ ‎11．Even if you can’t return to your sport right away，a doctor might have suggestions and advice ________ what you can do to stay fit.‎ 解析：on　句意：即使你不能立刻重新开始运动，医生可能也会给你一些有关你可以做什么来保持健康的意见和建议。on“关于”，符合题意。‎ ‎12．The little pupil took his grandma on the arm and walked her across the street.‎ 解析：on→by　句意：这个小学生挽着他奶奶的手臂和她一起穿过了街道。take sb.by the arm“抓住某人的胳膊”。‎ ‎6．in“在……内，(方向)以……方向，在(某段时间)之后，穿着，(表示状态或状况)处于……中，(表示使用的语言、材料等)用……，以……，在……方面”等。如：‎ in all directions四面八方，in an hour 一小时后，in cash用现金，in a red coat穿红色外套，in color在颜色方面，in ink用钢笔。‎ ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎13．The bus will come ________ 15 minutes.‎ 解析：in　句意：公共汽车在15分钟后来。此处表示“在(某段时间)之后”‎ ‎，故应用介词in。‎ ‎14．Tony saw a toy on a shop window.‎ 解析：on→in　句意：托尼在商店橱窗里看到了一个玩具。此处表示地点，“在……里”，on表示地点时意为“在……上”，故应改on为in。‎ ‎15．Gradually，though，they began to see these evenings for a very different way.‎ 解析：for→in　句意：然而，他们逐渐开始以一种不同的方式看待这些晚会。in a different way“以一种不同的方式”在句中作状语。‎ 固 定 搭 配 介词在一些固定搭配中的应用也是高考的重点。因此，在日常学习中，考生要多对介词短语进行归纳、记忆。‎ ‎1．介词与名词形成的词组 on the contrary　相反 in one’s opinion 根据某人的看法 in turn 依次 on time 准时 out of one’s reach 够不着 in favor of 支持 in place of 代替 in terms of 就……而言 in addition to 除……之外(还有) ‎ in harmony with 与……协调，与……一致 in honor of... 为纪念……，为庆祝……‎ in preparation for 为……做准备 on behalf of 代表 at present 目前 at risk 有危险 by accident/chance 偶然 in advance 提前 in total 总计 in case 万一 in detail 详细地 in particular 特别 in public 公开地 in ruins 毁坏 on average 平均 on purpose 故意 under attack 遭到袭击 with satisfaction 满意地 hand in hand 手拉手 face to face 面对面 in fear of 害怕 out of sight 看不见 out of work 失业 out of breath 喘不过气来 as a matter of fact 事实上 as a result/consequence(of...) (作为……的)结果 ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎16．________ the same time，they warm up again at night.‎ 解析：At　句意：同时他们晚上又活跃了起来。at the same time“同时”，为固定搭配。‎ ‎17．I sincerely wish you could come and visit my school the near future.‎ 解析：在the前加in　句意：我真心希望在不久的将来你能来参观我的学校。in the near future“在不久的将来”，为固定搭配。‎ ‎2．介词与动词(短语)形成的词组 remind sb.of sth. 提醒某人某事 ‎ rob sb.of sth. 抢劫某人某物 result from 由……造成，因……而产生 call at 访问(某地)‎ add to 增加 break away from 脱离 call for 要求，需要 care about 关心 do harm to 伤害 end up with 以……结束 fix one’s eyes on 注视 give in 屈服，上交 get rid of 免除，摆脱 look down on/upon 轻视，看不起 make use of 利用 run out of 用完 take pride in 因……而自豪 turn a deaf ear to 充耳不闻 meet with 偶然遇见 live up to 不辜负 come up with 提出 take on 呈现 put forward 提出 put up with 忍受 make fun of 取笑 adapt to 适应 refer to 涉及，查阅 come across 偶遇 pick up 捡起，用车接(某人)，接收，偶然习得，逐渐好转 ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎18．The balloons added ________ the festival atmosphere.‎ 解析：to　句意：气球增加了节日的气氛。add to “增加”。‎ ‎3．介词与形容词形成的词组 be curious about 对……好奇 be popular with 受到……欢迎 be concerned about 对……担心、忧虑 be absent from 缺席 be fit for 适合 be short for 是……的简称，是……的缩写 be engaged in 忙于 be ashamed of 为……感到羞愧 be conscious of 意识到 be equal to 等于 be harmful to 对……有害 be related to 与……有联系 be accustomed to 习惯于 be content/satisfied with 对……满意 be proud of 因……而自豪 be anxious about 为……忧虑 be present at 出席 be free from 免于 be famous for 因……出名 be responsible for 对……负责 be absorbed in 全神贯注于 be aware of 意识到 be fond of 喜欢 be familiar to 为……所熟知 be addicted to 沉溺于 be similar to 与……相似 be patient with 对……有耐心 ‎ be familiar with 对……熟悉 ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎19．I’m so grateful ________ all those volunteers because they helped me a lot.‎ 解析：to　句意：我非常感激所有的那些志愿者，因为他们帮了我很多。be grateful to sb.“对某人心存感激”。‎ ‎20．The woman was so scared that it took her a long time to be aware what had happened.‎ 解析：aware 后加of　句意：这位女士如此害怕以至于好长时间才意识到所发生的事情。be aware of “意识到”，后可跟名词、代词或名词性从句等。‎ ‎4．其他介词短语 apart from 除……之外 because of 因为 instead of 代替 thanks to 由于 according to 根据 ‎[即学即练]‎ 单句改错 ‎21．But nowadays some hikers even begin to explore the places people have never been to，and accidents have happened now and then because a poor knowledge of hiking.‎ 解析：在because后加of　此处表示由于徒步旅行知识的缺乏，事故时有发生。because ‎ of “因为，由于”，后跟名词(短语)；because为连词，后跟句子。‎ ‎22．In addition to，watching TV can broaden our horizons.‎ 解析：去掉to　句意：除此之外，看电视可以拓宽我们的视野。in addition to“除……之外(还有)”，后接名词(短语)；in addition“此外，还”，用于句首作状语，通常用逗号与句子分开。‎ 介词是英语中最活跃的词类之一，使用频率很高，高考考查频率也高。近年高考对介词考查在介词的基本用法和辨析以及介词短语方面都有涉及，因此必须重视。‎ 在介词和介词短语备考方面，要以基本用法为核心，对同义介词或介词短语辨析，对介词相关短语进行归纳总结，使知识进一步条理化、结构化、网络化，并有针对性地强化训练，培养和提高实际的英语运用能力。做题时，要仔细审题，注意介词和介词短语考点的相关变式，能针对不同的变式试题采取不同的解题技巧，找准解题的突破口。‎ ‎1．利用图解记忆介词 ‎2．常考介词短语归类记忆 ‎①at＋n. 表示状态 at peace 处于和平中 at ease 安心自在，不拘束 at random 随意地，胡乱地 at work 在工作 ‎②by＋n. 表示方式 by hand 手工地 by mistake 错误地 by chance/accident 偶然 by design 故意地 ‎③in＋n.表示方式 in brief 简言之 in detail 详细地 in general 一般说来 in person 亲自 in advance 事先，提前 in vain 白费，徒劳 ‎④in＋n.表示状态 in debt 负债 in order 整齐 in condition 健康 in danger 处于危险中 in surprise 惊奇地 in public 公开地 in comfort 舒适地 ‎⑤of＋n. 表示特征 of value 有价值 of importance 重要 of use 有用 of help 有帮助 of interest 有兴趣 of ability 有能力 ‎⑥on＋n.表示状态 on guard 值班，警戒 on show/display 在展览 on business 因公出差 on strike 在罢工 on duty 值班 on leave/sick leave 在休假/休病假 ‎⑦out of ＋n. 表示状态 out of sight 看不到 out of danger 脱离危险 out of office 在野，不执政 out of fashion 不流行 out of order 出故障 out of debt 不负债 out of control 不受控制 out of question 毫无疑问 out of breath 气喘吁吁 out of date 过时 ‎⑧under＋n. 表示被动 under discussion 在讨论中 under treatment 在治疗中 under control 被控制 under attack 被袭击 under consideration 正在考虑中 ‎⑨with ＋n. 表示方式 with pleasure 愉快地 with delight 高兴地 with satisfaction 满意地 with ease 轻而易举地 单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎1．(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They often get up earlier and water the vegetables together.They have also bought for some gardening tools.‎ 解析：去掉for　bought是及物动词，不需要再加介词for。‎ ‎2．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She plans to take a year off to model fulltime before going to university to get a degree ________ engineering or architecture.‎ 解析：in　a degree in...在……方面的学位。‎ ‎3．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)When I look at this picture of myself，I realize of how fast time flies.‎ 解析：去掉of　realize是及物动词，此处后跟how引导的宾语从句，故去掉of。‎ ‎4．(2017·天津卷)When you drive through the Redwood Forests in California，you will be ________ trees that are over 1,000 years old.‎ 解析：among　句意：当你开车穿过加利福尼亚的红木森林的时候，你就处在一千多年的树木之间。根据drive through可以推出“你”应该是处于树木之间，故应用among。‎ ‎5．(2017·天津卷)We offer an excellent education to our students.________ return，we expect students to work hard.‎ 解析：In　句意：我们为学生提供良好的教育。作为回报，我们希望学生努力学习。in ‎ return作为回报。‎ ‎6．(2017·北京卷)People have better access ________ health care than they used to，and they’re living longer as a result.‎ 解析：to　考查固定搭配have access to...句意：人们拥有比过去便捷的医疗服务，所以活得更久了。‎ ‎7．(2017·北京卷)Many people who live along the coast make a living ________ fishing industry.‎ 解析：in　句意：许多居住在海边的人在捕渔行业谋求生计。“在某行业”要用介词in。‎ ‎8．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)But my connection with pandas goes back ________ my days on a TV show in the mid1980s, when I was the first...‎ 解析：to　句意：但是我与熊猫之间的联系要追溯到20世纪80年代中期我在一档电视节目的时候，那是我第一次……。go back to“追溯到”，是固定短语。‎ ‎9．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Most of us are more focused ________ our tasks in the morning than we are later in the day.‎ 解析：on　句意：我们大多数人在早晨时对任务的注意力要比晚些时候的注意力更集中。be focused on意为“集中于……”。‎ ‎10．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Chopsticks are not used everywhere in Asia. In India，for example，most people traditionally eat ________ their hands.‎ 解析：with　句意：筷子并非被亚洲的所有国家(的人民)使用。例如在印度，大部分的人习惯用手吃饭。with “用……”，符合句意。‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空/单句改错 ‎1．(2018·豫南九校质量考评)My parents and teachers were surprised ________ my bad performance.‎ 解析：at　句意：我父母和老师对我不好的表现感到很惊奇。be surprised at为固定短语，意为：对……感到惊讶。‎ ‎2．(2018·赣中南五校模拟)Nowadays，millions ________ lonely singles are now going online.‎ 解析：of　句意：现在，数以百万计的感到孤独的单身们正在上网。millions of为固定结构，意为：数以百万计的。‎ ‎3．(2018·河南部分重点中学联考)A woman，sitting next to the boy，discovered he was ________ a school trip and was told to meet his teacher at the bus stop.‎ 解析：on ‎　句意：紧挨着那个男孩儿坐着的一位女士发现他正在参加学校组织的旅游，他被告知要在公交站和他的老师会合。on a．..trip为固定短语，意为：在旅行。‎ ‎4．(2018·河南豫南九校质量考评)Firstly，you can share with efficient learning experience to promote your English study.‎ 解析：去掉with　句意：首先，你们可以分享高效的学习经验来促进你的英语学习。share sth. with sb.与某人分享某物。本句中share后为分享的内容，故将with删除。‎ ‎5．(2018·襄阳调研)They say they have learned what is not taught in textbooks and have got a great deal practice.‎ 解析：deal后加of　句意：他们说他们学到了在教材中没有的内容并得到了很多实践。a great deal of为固定短语，意为：许多。‎ ‎6．(2018·赣中南五校模拟)Hope you reply me soon.‎ 解析：reply后加to　句意：希望你很快给我答复。reply为不及物动词，后加sb.作宾语时，需用reply to sb.。‎ ‎7．(2018·临沂模拟)If you find a position at there，I’m sure you’ll have a rapid improvement in both your character and ability.‎ 解析：去掉at　句意：如果你在那里找到一个职位，我确信你会在品质和能力上都会有迅速的提升。there为副词，可单独作状语，故将at删除。‎ ‎8．(2018·山西晋商四校联考)In Sunday morning，Li Lin was about to study when his father came up and advised him to have a break.‎ 解析：In→On　句意：在周日上午，李林刚要学习这时他父亲走了过来建议他休息一会儿。表示“在具体某天的上午、下午或晚上”时，需用介词on而非in。‎ ‎9．(2018·山西重点中学协作体模拟)In addition，some of us are lazy and don’t work hard on our lessons.‎ 解析：on→at　句意：此外，我们中的一些人很懒惰，不努力学习功课。work hard at sth.为固定短语，意为：努力学习……。‎ ‎10．(2018·龙岩质检)Cell phones are much easier for us to take notes and more convenient to search what we need.‎ 解析：search后加for　句意：我们使用手机做笔记更容易些，使用手机搜寻我们需要的东西更方便。search for搜寻；search搜身。根据本句意思可知需将search后加for。‎ Ⅱ.语篇填空 用适当的介词或副词填空 My husband and I were paying a visit __1__ my parents in Tucson.We went to a fast food restaurant __2__ dinner together.My husband went to the counter to order dishes and I stood with my parents.‎ My dad is 90 years old.He can hardly see very well and walks __3__ a stick.I was scanning the restaurant，waiting to sit at the first table that was more convenient than others.A woman who ‎ was sitting with her son made eye contact __4__ me and asked me to come to her.With a puzzled look __5__ my face，I pointed __6__ myself and said，“Me？”She nodded and said，“Yes，you.”I walked to the table and she said，“Bring your family here.I can finish eating at the counter.My son is __7__ a hurry to leave anyway.”My eyes were filled with tears as she wiped __8__ the table and guided my dad to the seat.‎ I always believe that there are naturally kind people __9__ this world.This woman has set a good example __10__ her son，who is a really lucky guy.‎ ‎[语篇解读]　本文为记叙文。作者一家去一家快餐店吃饭，由于老父亲行动不便，作者想等着坐第一张桌子，因为那张桌子比其他的更方便。这时一位女士主动给他们让座还帮他们擦干净了桌子并帮着搀扶自己的老父亲坐下，这使得作者深信世上还是好心人多。‎ ‎1．解析：to　pay a visit to为固定短语，意为：拜访。‎ ‎2．解析：for　句意：我们去了一家快餐店一起吃晚饭。for表示目的，意为：为了。‎ ‎3．解析：with　句意：他几乎看不清并借助一个拐杖行走。with表示使用工具或手段。‎ ‎4．解析：with　make eye contact with sb.为固定短语，意为：用眼神交流，目光相遇。‎ ‎5．解析：on　此处表示“我脸上的表情”，故用介词on。‎ ‎6．解析：to　point to为固定短语，意为：指着。‎ ‎7．解析：in　in a hurry为固定短语，意为：匆忙，仓促。‎ ‎8．解析：down　wipe down the table 表示：把桌子彻底擦干净。‎ ‎9．解析：in　in this world为固定短语，意为：在这个世界上。‎ ‎10．解析：to　set an example to...为固定短语，意为：为……树立榜样。‎ Ⅲ.短文改错 My best friend gave me a present in a box in my birthday.It was a little heavy，which made me very curiously.So I intended to open it for once but she prevented me doing so.She said I mustn’t open it until I went back home but gave me a naughty smile.Although there was a strong desire on my mind to know that was inside the box，I just did as she said.On the way to home，all I did was thinking about the puzzle.Finally I opened the box.It was a cup printing with a pink word—friendship.It was so lovely that I liked it very much.‎ Now，every time I use a cup，I will think with her and the friendship between us.‎ 答案：‎ My best friend gave me a present in a box my birthday.It was a little heavy，which made me very .So I intended to open it once but she prevented me doing so.She said I mustn’t open it until I went back home gave me a naughty smile.Although there was a strong ‎ desire my mind to know was inside the box，I just did as she said.On the way to home，all I did was thinking about the puzzle.Finally I opened the box.It was a cup with a pink word—friendship.It was so lovely that I liked it very much.‎ Now，every time I use cup，I will think her and the friendship between us.‎