【英语】2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题主旨大意类型训练（12页Word版答案含解析） 12页

‎2019届二轮复习阅读理解专题 主旨大意类型训练 ‎ [一]‎ There is a popular saying in the English language：“Sticks and stones may break my bones，but words will never hurt me.” Well，that is not true. Unkind words，namecalling or even the socalled “the silent treatment” can hurt children as much as being physically hit，sometimes even more so.‎ A recent study of middle school children showed that verbal(言语的)abuse by other children can harm development in the brain. The study was a project of researchers at Harvard Medical School in Massachusetts. Researcher Martin Teicher and his team studied young adults，aged 18 to 25.These young men and women had not ever been treated in a cruel or violent way by their parents. The researchers asked the young people to rate their childhood exposure to verbal abuse from both parents and other children. Then the researchers performed imaging tests on the brains of the subjects.‎ The images showed that the people who reported suffering verbal abuse from peers in middle school had underdeveloped connections between the left and right side of the brain. The two sides of the brain are connected by a large bundle of connecting fibers called the corpus callosum. This was the area that was underdeveloped.‎ The middle school years are a time when these brain connections are developing. So，unkind，hurtful comments from children or adults during this period have the greatest effect. The researchers tested the mental and emotional condition of all the young people in the study. The tests showed that this same group of people had higher levels of fear，depression，anger and drug abuse than others in the study.‎ The researchers published their findings online on the American Journal of Psychiatry's website.‎ Parents cannot control what other people say to their children，but ‎ they can prepare their children.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文是说明文。马萨诸塞州哈佛医学院的研究人员发现，语言暴力会干扰大脑神经的连接，对孩子的大脑发育造成不良影响。‎ ‎5．Why does the author use the popular saying at the beginning?‎ A．To show the power of words.‎ B．To introduce an opposite view.‎ C．To prove the author's argument.‎ D．To show ancient people's wisdom.‎ B　[考查作者意图。引用名人名言、谚语等是文章开篇的常见写作方式，且大多用来引入文章的话题。但是根据此谚语后面的“Well，that is not true. Unkind words，namecalling or even the socalled ‘the silent treatment’ can hurt children as much as being physically hit，sometimes even more so.”可知，本文引用这个谚语恰恰是为了引出一个不同的或者说是相反的观点，故选B。]‎ ‎6. What did the subjects have in common?‎ A．They were hurt by unkind words.‎ B．They performed poorly in imaging tests.‎ C．They had their brain slightly damaged.‎ D．They experienced no physical abuse at home.‎ D　[考查细节理解。根据第二段中的“These young men and women had not ever been treated in a cruel or violent way by their parents.”可知，这些实验对象都没有遭受父母的残酷或暴力对待，也就是说，他们在家里都没受到过身体上的虐待。故选D。]‎ ‎7．What will be discussed in the next paragraph?‎ A．Comments on the findings.‎ B．Approaches to further studies.‎ C．Suggestions to parents.‎ D．Different opinions on the matter.‎ C　[考查推理判断。根据文章最后一段“Parents cannot control what other people say to their children，but they can prepare their children.”‎ 可知，作者接下来应该会就“父母如何帮助自己的孩子为可能遭受的语言暴力做好准备，使他们不会受到语言暴力的影响”给出一些方法或建议。故选C。]‎ ‎8．What is the main idea of the passage?‎ A．The way we speak matters.‎ B．Verbal violence should be stopped.‎ C．Unkind words hurt the brain.‎ D．Words are worse than sticks and stones.‎ C　[考查主旨要义。文章介绍了语言暴力对孩子的不良影响，再根据文中的“verbal(言语的)abuse by other children can harm development in the brain”可以看出，其影响主要体现在孩子的大脑发育方面。故选C。]‎ ‎[二]‎ Most episodes of absentmindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention，says Schacter，“You're supposed to remember something，but you haven't encoded it deeply.”‎ Encoding，Schacter explains，is a special way of paying attention to an event that has a major impact on recalling it later. Failure to encode properly can create an annoying situation. If you put your mobile phone in a pocket，for example，and don't pay attention to what you did because you're involved in a conversation，you'll probably forget that the phone is in the jacket now hanging in your wardrobe(衣柜)．“Your memory itself isn't failing you，”says Schacter，“Rather，you didn't give your memory system the information it needed.”‎ Lack of interest can also lead to absentmindedness. “A man who recites sports statistics from 30 years ago，”says Zelinski， “may not remember to drop a letter in the mailbox.”Women have slightly better memory than men，possibly because they are more interested in what's happening around them，and memory relies on just that.‎ Visual cues(提示)can help prevent absentmindedness，says ‎ Schacter.“But be sure the cue is clear and available，”he cautions. If you want to remember to take a medication with lunch，put the pill bottle on the kitchen table—don't leave it in the medicine chest and write yourself a note that you keep in a pocket.‎ Another common episode of absentmindedness：walking into a room and wondering why you're there. Most likely，you were thinking about something else.“Everyone does this from time to time，”says Zelinski. The best thing to do is to return to where you were before entering the room，and you'll likely remember.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文主要介绍了心不在焉的原因以及相应的应对策略。‎ ‎9．What does the underlined word “episodes” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?‎ A．Experiences. B．Experiments.‎ C．Expressions. D．Feelings.‎ A　[考查词义猜测。根据文章第一段的“absentmindedness—forgetting where you left something or wondering why you just entered a room—are caused by a simple lack of attention，says Schacter”和最后一段的第一句“Another common episode of absentmindedness：walking into a room and wondering why you're there.”可推知，episode指的是心不在焉的一种经历，故选A。experience“经历”。]‎ ‎10．According to the passage，women have better memory than men probably because ________．‎ A．they have a wider range of interests B．they always put things where they were C．they pay more attention to their environment D．they prefer to write notes to tell themselves what they should do C　[考查细节理解。根据第三段的最后一句“Women have slightly better memory than men，possibly because they are more interested in what's happening around them，and memory relies on just that.”可知，女性比男性更关注周围的环境，因此记忆力要好些。]‎ ‎11. What can help prevent absentmindedness according to Schacter?‎ A．Writing notes.‎ B．Taking some medicine.‎ C．Putting something in sight.‎ D．Returning to where you were.‎ C　[考查细节理解。根据第四段的第一句“Visual cues(提示)can help prevent absentmindedness，says Schacter.”可知，Schacter认为人们可以用可视性提示来规避心不在焉。]‎ ‎12．What is the best title for the text?‎ A．A Way of Recalling B．The Importance of Encoding C．Cures for Absentmindedness D．Causes and Coping Strategies of Absentmindedness D　[考查标题判断。根据文章中的高频词“absentmindedness”和对全文的整体理解可知，本文主要讲的是心不在焉的原因及其应对策略，故选D。]‎ ‎ [三 ] ‎ Dear Alcohol，‎ You've been around forever. I can remember all the pain you've caused me.‎ Do you remember the night when you almost took my father's life? I do. He loves you. Sometimes I think he loves you more than he loves me. He's addicted to you，to the way you promise to rid him of his problems only to cause more of them. You just sat back and laughed as his car went turning through the street，crashing into two other cars. He wasn't the only one badly hurt by you that night.‎ Do you remember the night of my first high school party？My friends were intrigued by you. They treated you as if they were never going to see you again，drinking all of you that they could. I spent two hours that night helping my friends who had fallen head over heels for you. “I'm so embarrassed，”they said as I held their hair back so that they could throw up.“I'm sorry，”they said when I called taxis for them，walking ‎ them out and paying the driver in advance.“This won't happen again，” they said as they were sent to the hospital to have their stomachs pumped. Two 15yearold girls slept in hospital beds that night due to you.‎ Do you remember the night when you took advantage of my 17yearold neighbor who had to drive to pick up his sister from her dance lesson？Do you know how we all felt when he hit another car headon and killed two people in the other car？He died the next morning，too. His sister walked home from her dance lesson，and passed police cars and a crowd of people gathering on the sidewalk just two blocks away from the dance studio. She didn't realize her brother was among them at all. She never saw him again. And it was all your fault.‎ I wish you'd walk out of my life forever. I don't want anything to do with you. Look at all the pain you've caused. Sure，you've made people happy too from time to time. But the damage you've caused in the lives of millions is not excusable. Stop attracting the people I love！Stop hurting me, please!‎ Sincerely，‎ Me ‎【语篇解读】　本文是一封写给酒的信，控诉了酒的坏处。‎ ‎1．What did Alcohol do to the author's father that night?‎ A．It made him drunk and took his life away.‎ B．It made him kill two other people when he was driving.‎ C．It got him into a car accident and badly injured.‎ D．It got him into trouble and got his stomach pumped.‎ C　[考查细节理解。根据第二段最后两句“You just sat back and laughed as his car went turning through the street，crashing into two other cars. He wasn't the only one badly hurt by you that night.”可知，作者的父亲因为酒驾而出了车祸，受伤严重，故选C。]‎ ‎2．What does the underlined phrase “were intrigued by” probably mean in the letter?‎ A．were interested in B．were satisfied with C．were familiar with D．were disappointed by A　[考查词义猜测。根据第三段第三句“They treated you as if they were never going to see you again，drinking all of you that they could.”可推知，作者的同学们迷恋酒而不能自拔，由此可推知画线词汇的意思是“感兴趣，迷恋”，故选A。]‎ ‎3．What is the author's purpose of writing this letter?‎ A．To warn people not to drive after drinking.‎ B．To persuade people to get away from alcohol.‎ C．To tell people three sad stories about alcohol.‎ D．To warn people against the pain caused by alcohol.‎ B　[考查目的意图。根据文章第一段和最后一段的内容，尤其是最后一段的“Stop attracting the people I love！Stop hurting me，please！”可推知，作者通过讲述三个关于酒的悲剧故事就是要劝说人们远离酒，珍爱生命，故选B。]‎ ‎4．How was the author feeling while writing this letter?‎ A．Shocked.　　　　　　 B．Responsible.‎ C．Disappointed. D．Sorrowful.‎ D　[考查推理判断。根据第一段“You've been around forever. I can remember all the pain you've caused me.”和最后一段的最后一句“Stop hurting me，please！”可推知，作者写这封信的语气是沉痛的，控告酒的罪恶，故选D。]‎ ‎ [ 四]‎ Crying is the sign of the rawest of human emotions. We cry when we can't hold inside what we feel any more. We cry when we're at our best，and when we're at our worst. By we，I mean all of us. Men included.‎ But we never see other men cry. In no western culture has it ever been acceptable for men to shed(流泪)more than a single tear，and even then ‎ it's reserved for grand victories，defeats and deaths. Dutch research suggests that women cry between three and five times more than men. Generally men and women cry over the same things—deaths，breakups and homesickness，primarily，but researchers believe that men cry more often than women when it comes to positive events.‎ I want to admit I'm a bit of a cryer. However，having never really experienced deaths in my life，a few weeks ago I experienced what it means to really，truly，pour my heart out in tears.‎ See，my dog—and 24/7 companion—was killed by a car right outside my house. Being a witness to this painful event left me in shock for a good hour，but then the floodgates opened. Over the next 48 hours，I might have cried 20 times. Once or twice I crouched(蹲) on the floor with my head in my hands and tears were the only outlet.‎ It is suggested in the book Adult Crying：A Biopsychosocial Approach that there's certain pleasure in crying. It helps ease stress when there is no other way to express ourselves.‎ In those days after my dog's death，I remember thinking，“I've got to stop this crying”．It felt unmanly. It felt like a sign of weakness. I've since realised that tears are for everybody；they're not genderspecific. They show we have sympathy，allow us to get rid of stress and just feel easy.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者的狗遭遇车祸，作者痛哭不已，伤心欲绝。后来作者意识到哭泣是释放压力的方式。‎ ‎【长难句解读】　However，having never really experienced deaths in my life，a few weeks ago I experienced what it means to really，truly，pour my heart out in tears.‎ ‎5．What does the first paragraph mainly talk about?‎ A．Crying is a raw human emotion.‎ B．Crying is an emotion beyond control.‎ C．Crying is an emotion showing sadness.‎ D．Crying is an emotion showing happiness.‎ A　[考查段落大意。通读该段可知，该段第一句“Crying is the sign of the rawest of human emotions”为该段的主题句。结合该段其他内容可知，该段主要论述“哭泣是人类最自然的情感流露”，故A项正确。]‎ ‎6．What's the difference between men and women in crying according to Dutch research?‎ A．They cry over different matters.‎ B．They cry at different times of life.‎ C．Women cry more often over deaths.‎ D．Men are more likely to have tears of joy.‎ D　[考查细节理解。由题干关键词“Dutch research”定位至第二段，根据第二段的“but researchers believe that men cry more often than women when it comes to positive events”可知，男女哭泣的区别是男子对于积极事物的哭泣频率要比妇女高，故D项正确。]‎ ‎7．What did the author think of his crying over his dog's death?‎ A．A sign of strength.‎ B．A sign of weakness.‎ C．Behavior of being womanish.‎ D．A way of reducing emotional stress.‎ D　[考查细节理解。根据第六段，尤其是最后一句“They show we have sympathy，allow us to get rid of stress and just feel easy”可知，作者意识到哭泣是减轻情感压力的方式，故D项正确。]‎ ‎8．What's the best title for the text?‎ A．Men，never cry like women B．Men，it's OK to cry sometimes C．Crying solves psychological problems D．Crying explains differences between men and women B　[考查标题判断。通读全文内容尤其是第一段第一句“Crying is the sign of the rawest of human emotions”和本文最后一句“They show we have sympathy，allow us to get rid of stress and just feel”可知，‎ 本文论述的中心是“哭泣是人类最自然的情感流露，是减轻情感压力的方式”，据此可以判断，B项最适合作文章标题。]‎ ‎ [五]‎ Working well in a team requires full cooperation. It's an important skill for almost every employee to have. Your ability to do your job is dependent upon others getting your work done, and others depend on you to get their work done.‎ Communicate well. Lack of communication is one of the biggest reasons of a team's failure. Seek input from team members so they feel like a valuable part of the team. Communication establishes trust among team members. In addition，communicating well can help prevent and resolve conflict. Meet regularly to keep members involved and aware of your work progress. Post decisions where everyone on the team can see them.‎ Be flexible. In teamwork，priorities and responsibility can change instantly. Stay ready to shift focus. Training team members to be able to do parts of other team members' jobs can be a valuable part of teamwork；being flexible helps to build appreciation for all the parts of the team.‎ Meet deadlines. Work hard to ensure you meet established deadlines when you work in a team environment. Others are depending on your work. Negotiate timelines with your teammates at the start of a project. Doing so allows you to have a say in how work gets accomplished.‎ Establish accountability．All team members must be responsible for the success and failure of the project. Although not every team needs a leader，teams require a formal way to ensure everyone does his part. Try using meetings to report on progress.‎ Celebrate accomplishments and encourage the team. Senior executives may not always recognize the importance of some team members' work. Share congratulations at team meetings and talk about whose work is invaluable in helping you get your work done.‎ ‎【语篇解读】　本文主要讲述了提高团队工作效率的方法和策略。‎ ‎9．What can you conclude from the first paragraph?‎ A．Working in a team means your work is separate.‎ B．Working in a team means your work is effective.‎ C．Being a member of a team means your work is independent.‎ D．Being a member of a team means your work is interdependent.‎ D　[ 考查段落大意。根据文章第一段的最后一句“Your ability to do your job is dependent upon others getting your work done，and others depend on you to get their work done.”可知，成为团队一员意味着分工合作、相互依赖，故选D。]‎ ‎10．Which of the following deeds does not contribute to effective teamwork?‎ A．Keeping silent in a team discussion.‎ B．Being able to do parts of others' job.‎ C．Acknowledging others' work publicly.‎ D．Holding meetings to report on progress.‎ A　[考查细节理解。通读全文可知，文章中并没有提到在团队讨论中保持沉默有利于团队工作，故选A。]‎ ‎11．What does the underlined word “accountability” refer to in the fifth paragraph?‎ A．Success. B．Responsibility.‎ C．Insurance. D．Community.‎ B　[考查词义猜测。根据画线词所在句的后一句“All team members must be responsible for the success and failure of the project.”可知，团队工作中所有成员都要对项目的成功和失败负责，故可推知，此处应选B。]‎ ‎12．What is the best title of the passage?‎ A．How to Succeed in Communicating with Others B．How to Work Effectively in a Team Environment C．Ways to Work Well in Completing Projects D．Ways to Improve the Efficiency of Employees B　[考查标题判断。根据本文的关键词“teamwork”并结合全文的整体内容可推知，本文主要讲的是提高团队工作效率的方法和策略，故选B项。]‎