2020届人教版高考英语大一轮复习专用讲义：专题一名词与冠词 12页

专题一名词与冠词 名词的单复数 ‎1．规则名词的6种复数变化形式 变化规则 例词 一般情况下 在词尾直接加s mouth→mouths house→houses 以s，x，ch，‎ ‎sh结尾的名词 在词尾加es glass→glasses match→matches 以辅音字母＋y结尾的名词 变y为i，再加es country→countries factory→factories 以元音字母＋y结尾的名词 在词尾直接＋s holiday→holidays monkey→monkeys 以o结尾的名词 一般在词尾加s piano→pianos photo→photos 有些在词尾加es hero→heroes potato→potatoes 以f, fe结尾的名词 一般要变f或fe为v＋es self→selves ‎ wolf→wolves 少数直接加s roof→roofs belief→beliefs ‎①下列以f结尾的名词既可以变f为v后再加es，也可以直接在f后加s：‎ handkerchief→handkerchiefs/handkerchieves, scarf→scarfs/scarves ‎②巧记变f或fe为v＋es的名词：‎ ‎[巧学助记]　为了自己(self)活命(life)，小偷(thief)和他的妻子(wife)手里拿着刀子(knife)和一片树叶(leaf)站在架子(shelf)上，把狼(wolf)劈成两半(half)。‎ ‎2．不规则名词的3种复数变化形式 变化规则 例词 单复数同形 deer, sheep, means, series, works, Chinese, Swiss, aircraft, spacecraft 变内部元音 foot→feet, tooth→teeth, goose→geese man→men, woman→women, mouse→mice 外来名词 medium→media ‎ phenomenon→phenomena ‎ analysis→analyses ‎ [名师指津]　①fish表示不同种类的鱼时，其复数形式为fishes，而表示同一种鱼时，其单复数形式相同；②people指“人们”时单复数同形，指“民族”时，其复数为peoples。‎ ‎3．合成名词的2种复数形式 ‎(1)若有主体名词，则把主体名词变成复数；若无主体名词，则把最后一部分变成复数。‎ passerby→passersby, sisterinlaw→sistersinlaw, grownup→grownups, housewife→housewives ‎(2)“man/woman＋n.”变复数时，作定语的man/woman和主体名词都要变复数：women engineers。‎ ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎① (2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 that showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all ________ (cause)．‎ 解析：causes　此处的cause是可数名词，表示“原因”。根据其前的all可知，应该使用复数形式，故填causes。‎ ‎②(2018·浙江11月高考)One study showed that ________ (woman) who drank a lot of coffee, like eight or more cups per day, while they were pregnant were more likely to have children with birth defects.‎ 解析：women　根据该句后半部分的they可知，空格处应该用复数形式，故填women。‎ ‎③(2018·浙江6月高考) Making Chinese ________ (dish) is seen as especially troublesome.‎ 解析：dishes　此处表示“中国的饭菜”，当然不止一种，因此该名词应该用复数形式，故填dishes。‎ ‎④(2017·浙江11月高考)You wouldn't think that a few ________ (month) of exercise in your teens would be enough ...‎ 解析：months　空格前面有a few作限定词且表示肯定，因此后面的名词应该用复数形式，所以使用months。‎ ‎⑤(2017·浙江6月高考)Last October, while tending her garden in Mora, Sweden, Lena Pahlsson pulled out a handful of small _________(carrot) and was about to throw them away.‎ 解析：carrots　根据空格前面的“a handful of”可知，此处要用名词的复数形式。‎ ‎⑥(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)This trend, which was started by the medical community (医学界) as ‎ a method of fighting heart disease, has had some unintended side________ (effect) such as overweight and heart disease — the very thing the medical community was trying to fight.‎ 解析：effects　此处根据空格前面的some以及空格后面列举的两个例子“overweight and heart disease”可知，应用effect的复数形式。‎ ‎⑦(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)In 1863 the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible__________ (crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and from work.‎ 解析：crowds　根据空格前面的形容词terrible可知此处填名词，crowd表示“人群”，是可数名词，前面没有不定冠词a，所以用名词的复数形式。‎ ‎⑧(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)The instructor kept repeating the ________ (word)，“Speed up！”“Slow down！”“Turn left！”‎ 解析：words　根据后面的举例可知，此处应用word的复数形式。‎ ‎⑨(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few ________ (day) with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, the other is with mum — she never suspects.‎ 解析：days　every few days表示“每隔几天”，此处应该使用名词的复数形式days。‎ ‎⑩(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent __________(study) show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly.‎ 解析：studies　Recent是形容词，修饰名词，“Recent _______”在句中作主语，根据谓语动词show可知，主语需要用复数形式。‎ 不可数名词 ‎1．常见的不可数名词 一般来说，物质名词和抽象名词是不可数的，因此没有复数形式，一般也不能用a或an修饰。‎ 通常只用作不可数的名词有：milk, music, homework, housework, weather, news, butter, information, bread, advice, progress, orange (橙汁), equipment, meat, fun, luggage, luck, work (工作), traffic, furniture, wealth, word (消息), room (空间), man (人类)等。‎ ‎[名师指津]　word意为“消息”，room意为“空间”，man意为“人类”时通常不带任何修饰词。‎ ‎2．抽象名词的具体化 ‎(1)具有某种特性、状态、情感的抽象名词在表示具体的概念时，可以与不定冠词连用，常考的有：‎ 单词 抽象名词意义 具体化名词意义 success ‎ 成功 成功的人或事物 pleasure 乐趣 令人感到高兴的人或事物 attraction 吸引 有吸引力的人或事物 beauty 美；美丽 美丽的人或事物 comfort 安慰；慰藉 令人感到安慰的人或事物 danger 危险 令人感到危险的人或事物 delight 高兴 令人感到高兴的事 ‎ failure 失败 失败的人或事物 surprise 惊奇 令人感到惊奇的人或事物 ‎ shock 震惊 令人感到震惊的人或事物 pride 骄傲 令人感到骄傲的人或事物 I'm disappointed that the experiment turned out to be a complete failure again.‎ 我很失望，这次试验证明又是一次完全的失败。‎ ‎(2)抽象名词与a/an连用，淡化了抽象概念，转化为似乎可以体验到的动作、行为或类别。‎ ‎①Being able to afford a drink would be a comfort in those tough times.‎ 在那些艰难的时期，能够买得起一杯饮料都会是一件令人感到欣慰的事。‎ ‎②—A serious fire broke out in the village.‎ ‎—Yes, news came as a shock to me.‎ ‎——那个村庄发生了一起严重的大火。‎ ‎——是的，这对我来说是一件令人震惊的事情。‎ 名词所有格 ‎1．有生命名词的3种所有格 情况 构成 示例 不以s结尾的名词 加's Mary's email children's books 以s结尾的复数名词 加'‎ the girls' dormitory the teachers' reading room 以s结尾的单数名词或专有名词 加's或'‎ our boss' office Engels's works ‎2．无生命名词的2种所有格 ‎(1)通常用of所有格表示 The capital of Peru is Lima, which is in the west on the coast.秘鲁的首都是利马，位于西部沿海地区。‎ ‎(2)表示时间、距离、国家、城市、机构、节日等的名词通常用's所有格表示。‎ Beijing's parks北京的公园 the factory's output工厂的产量 ‎3．双重所有格 双重所有格的构成形式为：名词＋of＋名词的所有格/名词＋of＋名词性物主代词。‎ He is a friend of my father's.他是我父亲的一个朋友。‎ ‎[名师指津]　名词所有格作定语主要表示事物间的关系(如所属关系、主谓关系、动宾关系等)，而名词作定语则主要表示被修饰名词的特征、性别、用途、功能、内容等。‎ 不定冠词的用法及固定搭配 ‎1．不定冠词的基本用法 ‎(1)表示类指，或指某类中的“任何一个”。‎ A virus is a very small living thing that causes disease.‎ 病毒是一种引发疾病的微生物。‎ ‎(2)表示泛指。当说话人第一次提及某人或某物时通常用不定冠词，因此由不定冠词构成的名词词组往往带有不确定的含义，相当于“a certain”。‎ The story happened in a small town in Victoria.‎ 故事发生在维多利亚的一个小镇上。‎ ‎(3)表示量指。不定冠词表示“一”这个数量，但数的概念没有one强烈。‎ I watch TV for six or seven hours a day.‎ 我一天要看六七个小时的电视。‎ ‎(4)表示“每一”，相当于per，用在表示价格、速度、频率等的短语中。‎ Prices start at ￡13.95 a yard for printed cotton.‎ 印花棉布以每码13.95英镑的价格起售。‎ ‎(5)表示“同一，相同”，相当于“the same”。‎ They happen to be of an age and wear clothes of a color.‎ 他们碰巧同龄而且穿着同样颜色的衣服。‎ ‎2．不定冠词用于固定搭配中 as a result因此，结果　　　　 as a rule通常 as a whole大体上 as a matter of fact事实上 at a loss不知所措 in a hurry匆忙 ‎ in a word总之 in a sense在某种意义上 ‎ in a way在某种程度上 in a short while不久 keep an eye on照看，留意 pay a visit to拜访 put an end to结束 once in a while偶尔 once upon a time从前 all of a sudden突然 be on a diet节食 have a gift for在某方面有天赋 have/catch a cold感冒 make a living谋生 have/take a rest休息 give sb. a lift让某人搭便车 ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎① (2017·浙江11月高考)Like many things in life, it's ________ ongoing process, and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement.‎ 解析：an　process为可数名词，表示“过程”，此处为泛指，又因空格处后面有一个限定词ongoing，其发音以元音音素开头，故应填不定冠词an。‎ ‎②(2017·浙江6月高考)For Pahlsson, its return was _______wonder.‎ 解析：a　wonder为可数名词，表示“奇迹，奇事”，此处为泛指，故要用不定冠词a。‎ ‎③(2017·全国卷Ⅰ) When fat and salt are removed from food, the food tastes as if it is missing something. As _________ result, people will eat more food to try to make up for that something missing.‎ 解析：a　as a result为固定搭配，意为“结果”。‎ ‎④(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)Instead, she is earning ￡6,500 a day as ________ model in New York.‎ 解析：a　此处意为“作为纽约的一名模特”，在单数可数名词model前应该使用不定冠词a，表示“一，一名”。‎ ‎⑤(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)They live far from the school, and it takes them about ________ hour and a half to go to work every day.‎ 解析：an　hour的读音以元音音素开头，且是可数名词，所以填an。‎ ‎⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Give your body and brain a rest by stepping outside for _______ while, exercising, or doing something you enjoy.‎ 解析：a　for a while为固定搭配，意为“一会儿”。‎ ‎⑦(2015·浙江高考)On the right side of the class was the road.I was always interested to see the drivers in ________ hurry in the morning.‎ 解析：a　in a hurry“匆匆忙忙”，为固定短语。‎ 定冠词the的用法及固定搭配 ‎1．定冠词the的用法 ‎(1)表示特指的人或物，或者双方都知道的或心中都明白的人或物，或者指上文已经提到过的人或事物。‎ Do you know the man standing at the gate of the door?‎ 你认识那个站在门口的人吗？‎ ‎(2)用在世界上独一无二的名词前。‎ The earth goes around the sun.‎ 地球围绕太阳转。‎ ‎(3)用于序数词、形容词的最高级前。‎ Is this the first time you have visited Qingdao?‎ 这是你第一次游览青岛吗？‎ China is one of the richest countries in natural resources in the world.在自然资源方面，中国是世界上最富有的国家之一。‎ ‎(4)用在表示姓氏的复数名词之前，表示一家人或夫妻俩；或用于形容词/分词前，表示一类人或物。‎ the wounded 伤员　the rich 富人 ‎(5)用在逢十的年代前，表示“在某世纪几十年代”。‎ in the 1990's在20世纪90年代 ‎(6)用在“by＋the＋单位计量词”中。‎ I hired the car by the hour.‎ 我按小时租车。‎ ‎(7)用在表示身体部位的名词前，表示“打、抓住某人身体的某个部位”。‎ The police caught the thief by the arm.‎ 警察抓住了小偷的胳膊。‎ ‎(8)与形容词或副词的比较级连用，一般用于以下两种情况： ‎ ‎①用于“the＋比较级．..，the＋比较级．..”结构中，表示“越……越……”之意。‎ The more we do for the people, the happier we'll be.‎ 我们为人民做得越多就越幸福。‎ ‎②用在“the＋比较级＋of the two”结构中，表示“两个中较……的一个”。‎ She is the taller of the two girls.‎ 她是两个女孩子中个子较高的那一个。‎ ‎2．定冠词the用于固定搭配中 make the most/best of充分利用　 in the end最后 by the way顺便说一下 in the distance在远处 in the way挡道 on the whole总的来说 at the same time同时 on the other hand另一方面 ‎ to tell the truth说实话 for the time being暂时 ‎ on the spot在现场 not in the least一点也不 the other day前几天 take the place of代替 at the moment此刻，目前 to the point中肯，切题 in the middle of在……中间 all the best一切顺利 ‎[命题点感悟] ‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Corn production has jumped nearly 125 percent over ________ past 25 years, while rice has increased only 7 percent.‎ 解析：the　此处特指过去的25年，故用the。‎ ‎②(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Unexpectedly, I'm facetoface with the gorilla, who begins screaming at ________ top of her lungs.‎ 解析：the　at the top of one's lungs为固定搭配，意为“尽量大声地，声嘶力竭地”。‎ ‎③(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)I still remember how hard ________ first day was.‎ 解析：the/my　表示第几天，序数词前要加定冠词the或者用限定词进行修饰。‎ ‎④(2017·全国卷Ⅱ)This included digging up the road, laying the track and then building a strong roof over _______ top.‎ 解析：the　top是名词，前面要用冠词，此处特指在(地铁的)顶部建造一个结实的顶，所以用定冠词the。‎ ‎⑤(2016·浙江高考)Every time he arrived home at ________ end of the day, we'd greet him at the door.‎ 解析：the　at the end of“在……结束时”，为固定搭配。‎ ‎⑥(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The nursery team switches him every few days with his sister so that while one is being bottlefed, ________ other is with mum — she never suspects.‎ 解析：the　此处表示双胞胎大熊猫中的另一只，两者之间的“另一个”应该使用the other。‎ ‎⑦(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)But in that case, we will learn little about ________ world.‎ 解析：the　此处特指我们所生活的这个世界。‎ ‎⑧(2015·全国卷Ⅱ)The adobe dwellings (土坯房) built by the Pueblo Indians of the American Southwest are admired by even________ most modern of architects and ‎ engineers.‎ 解析：the　在形容词最高级的前面用定冠词the。‎ 零冠词的用法及固定搭配 ‎1．零冠词的用法 ‎(1)专有名词、物质名词、抽象名词、人名、地名等名词前，一般不加冠词。‎ He is living in Canada now.‎ 他现在住在加拿大。‎ ‎(2)季节、月份、星期、节日、假日、一日三餐前一般不加冠词。‎ We usually have breakfast at 7 o'clock.‎ 我们通常7点吃早饭。‎ ‎(3)在学科名称、球类运动、棋类游戏等名词前不用冠词。‎ I'm interested in English.我对英语很感兴趣。‎ He is fond of playing chess.他喜欢下棋。‎ ‎(4)表示头衔和职务的名词作表语、同位语或宾语补足语时，其前通常不用冠词。‎ Dr. Peter Spence, headmaster of the school, told us, “A fifth of pupils here go on to study at Oxford and Cambridge.” ‎ 这所学校的校长彼得·斯彭思博士告诉我们说：“这里五分之一的学生都会到牛津大学或者剑桥大学继续学习。”‎ ‎(5)用于与by连用的表示交通工具、通信工程的名词前。‎ Are you going there by plane or by ship?‎ 你是乘飞机还是乘船去那里？‎ ‎(6)系动词turn(变成)后跟单数名词作表语时不用冠词。‎ His brother has turned writer. ‎ 他弟弟已成为一名作家。‎ ‎(7)在as/though引导的部分倒装句中，“零冠词＋单数名词＋as/though＋主语＋谓语”意为“尽管……但是……”。‎ Hero as he is, he has some shortcomings.‎ 尽管他是个英雄，但是他也有一些缺点。‎ ‎(8)用在“名词＋介词短语”的独立主格结构中。‎ The teacher came in, book in hand.‎ 老师手里拿着一本书走进来。‎ ‎2．零冠词用于固定搭配中 at present目前 　　　　　 take part in参加 ‎ in peace平静 by chance/accident碰巧 ‎ on purpose故意 on second thoughts再一想 ‎ ahead of time提前 in advance提前 ‎ by law根据法律 by mistake由于差错 ‎ under repair处于维修中 lose heart灰心 ‎ day and night整日整夜 from morning till night从早到晚 ‎ out of control失控 out of work失业 ‎ in danger处于危险之中 at risk有危险 ‎[专题过关训练] ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．And it evaluates how well you combine your listening, reading, speaking and writing skills (skill) to perform academic tasks.‎ ‎2．Many of these had benefited from the government's special new policies encouraging people to start their own businesses (business)．‎ ‎3．My immediate excitement gave in to excuses (excuse) as the weeks passed.‎ ‎4．The British have many traditions_(tradition) but there is nothing more quintessential (典型的) than taking afternoon tea.‎ ‎5．Some people are so rude. Who sends an email or a text message that just says “Thank you”？‎ ‎6．The teacher decided to teach us a very important lesson.‎ ‎7．We also visited the Three Gorges Dam, a symbol of Chinese pride and power.‎ ‎8．No one will ever know what mix of talent, ambition, energy and luck made Dickens such a distinguished writer.‎ ‎9．Personally, I think teachers and parents should take measures (measure) to limit their children's Internet time. ‎ ‎10．This isn't the first time technology has changed our manners (manner)．‎ ‎11．Antarctica, the coldest place on Earth, is the fifth largest continent in the world.‎ ‎12．When my father bought me a computer as a birthday present last year, I felt very excited.‎ ‎13．The camp is at the bottom of a mountain close to a beautiful river.‎ ‎14．It is a great honour for me to take part in the volunteer work, and I learn the significance of helping others.‎ Ⅱ.运用语法写靓句 ‎1．被邀请来参加这次聚会我深感荣幸。(consider, honor)‎ I_consider_it_a_great_honor_to_be_invited_to_this_party. ‎ ‎2．如果您能帮我，我将感激不尽。(appreciate, hand)‎ I_would_appreciate_it_if_you_could_give_me_a_hand.‎ ‎3．作为一名英语方面的专家，您能否就如何提升英语写作技能给我一些建议？(expert, give sb. some advice on)‎ As_an_expert_in_English,_can_you_give_me_some_advice_on_how_to_improve_my_writing_skills?‎ ‎4．都说老师们过着简朴的生活，但我认为当老师很有意义。(be said to, live, meaningful)‎ Teachers_are_said_to_live_a_simple_life,_but_I_think_being_a_teacher_is_meaningful.‎ ‎5．张华，我们班的班长，昨天被选为我们学校的学生会主席。(monitor, elect, the Students' Union)‎ Zhang_Hua,_monitor_of_our_class,_was_elected_chairman_of_the_Students'_Union_of_our_school_yesterday.‎ ‎6．我写信是想让您帮我个忙。(favor)‎ I_am_writing_to_ask_you_to_do_me_a_favor.‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎(2019·青岛调研)The tea culture of China is __1__ (amaze) and has a long history.Tea drinking was widespread in China for about one thousand years before __2__ (appear) in Europe.‎ Tea drinking in China enjoys wide popularity.Many people nowadays go to expensively decorated teahouses __3__ (talk) business.However, tea drinking is very complex.Many factors contribute to __4__ enjoyable experience.It starts with the surroundings.In the past, tea drinking took place in a setting __5__ “spring water runs oil marble”．At present, in order to create such atmosphere, teahouses __6___ (decorate) with traditional paintings and furniture.Besides, there is always a __7__ (perform) of a traditional Chinese musical instrument, such as the guzheng, pipa and erhu.‎ Black tea, together __8__ green tea, oolong tea and pu'er tea __9__ (rank) the top four favourites.The first three types of tea are processed using similar methods but pu'er tea uses a __10__ (total) different method.‎ ‎1．amazing　应用形容词形式作表语，amazing“令人吃惊的”。‎ ‎2．appearing　介词before后应用动名词形式。‎ ‎3．talking/to talk　此处表示伴随或目的，故用现在分词或动词不定式。‎ ‎4．an　experience此处作“经历”讲，为可数名词，用不定冠词表示泛指；又因enjoyable的读音是以元音音素开头的单词，故用an。‎ ‎5．where　先行词为setting，在定语从句中关系词作地点状语，故用where。‎ ‎6．are decorated　主语teahouses与decorate之间为被动关系，根据时间状语“At present”可知应用一般现在时的被动语态。‎ ‎7．performance　不定冠词后应用名词形式。‎ ‎8．with　together with为固定搭配，意为“与……一起”。‎ ‎9．ranks　together with连接名词作主语时，谓语动词与第一个名词保持一致，故此处的动词用第三人称单数。‎ ‎10．totally　修饰形容词different应用副词形式。‎