高考英语二轮复习与增分策略专题一阅读理解第二节方法运用于命题 9页

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 1 第二节 方法运用于命题 阅读理解的常考命题 1．细节理解题 细节理解题在高考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只 要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。其正确选项 特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解 文意、颠倒是非等。 2．词义猜测题 高考阅读理解试题中对于词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力， 考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力， 而这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围。要做好该类试题需要：利用上下文线索猜测词义(重述、 定义、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词等)；根据语法知识猜测词义；根据上下文逻辑猜测词 义；根据构词法猜测词义；根据常识或背景知识猜测词义等。 3．推理判断题 推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章 寓意的能力。推理判断题涉及的可能是文中一句或几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题，弄清 正确选项或干扰选项特征是做题的关键。其正确选项特征为：立足原文，只推一步；一般不 可出现绝对概念。其干扰选项特征为：曲解文意、张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、无中生有、鱼目混 珠、扩缩范围等。 4．主旨大意题 主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、 选择标题及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。其正确选项特征为：涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段； 确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。其干 扰选项特征为：过于笼统，不知所云；以偏概全，主次不分；移花接木，偷换概念；无中生 有，生搬硬套等。 点津 解答各类命题时往往是多法并举，而不是一种方法解决一种题。 (2017·全国Ⅱ，A) In the coming months，we are bringing together artists from all over the globe， to enjoy speaking Shakespeare’s plays in their own language，in our Globe，within the architecture Shakespeare wrote for.Please come and join us. National Theatre of China Beijing|Chinese This great occasion(盛会) will be the National Theatre of China’s first visit to 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 2 the UK.The company’s productions show the new face of 21st century Chinese theatre.This production of Shakespeare’s Richard Ⅲ will be directed by the National’s Associate Director，Wang Xiaoying. Date & Time：Saturday 28 April,2：30 pm & Sunday 29 April,1：30 pm & 6：30 pm Marjanishvili Theatre Tbilisi|Georgian One of the most famous theatres in Georgia，the Marjanishvili，founded in 1928， appears regularly at theatre festivals all over the world.This new production of As You Like It is helmed(指导) by the company’s Artistic Director Levan Tsuladze. Date & Time：Friday 18 May,2：30 pm & Saturday 19 May,7：30 pm Deafinitely Theatre London|British Sign Language (BSL) By translating the rich and humourous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL，Deafinitely Theatre creates a new interpretation of Shakespeare’s comedy and aims to build a bridge between deaf and hearing worlds by performing to both groups as one audience. Date & Time：Tuesday 22 May,2：30 pm & Wednesday 23 May,7：30 pm Habima National Theatre Tel Aviv|Hebrew The Habima is the centre of Hebrew-language theatre worldwide.Founded in Moscow after the 1905 revolution，the company eventually settled in Tel Aviv in the late 1920s.Since 1958，they have been recognised as the national theatre of Israel.This production of Shakespeare’s The Merchant of Venice marks their first visit to the UK. Date & Time：Monday 28 May,7：30 pm & Tuesday 29 May,7：30 pm 语篇解读 本文是四则广告，属于应用文。文章主要介绍了四家剧院有关莎士比亚戏剧 的演出信息。 21．Which play will be performed by the National Theatre of China? A．Richard Ⅲ. B．Love’s Labour’s Lost. C．As You Like It. D．The Merchant of Venice. 答案 A 解析 细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据“National Theatre of China Beijing|Chinese”下面的第三句“This production of Shakespeare’s Richard Ⅲ will be directed by the National’s Associate Director，Wang Xiaoying.” 可知，将要在中国国家大剧院上演的是 Richard Ⅲ，故选 A 项。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 3 22．What is special about Deafinitely Theatre? A．It has two groups of actors. B．It is the leading theatre in London. C．It performs plays in BSL. D．It is good at producing comedies. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、题段一致法、位置特征法等解答该题。 根 据 “Deafinitely Theatre London|British Sign Language (BSL)” 下 面 的 “By translating the rich and humorous text of Love’s Labour’s Lost into the physical language of BSL...”可知，在 Deafinitely Theatre 中，戏剧是用 BSL(英国手语)来演出 的。故选 C 项。 23．When can you see a play in Hebrew? A．On Saturday 28 April. B．On Sunday 29 April. C．On Tuesday 22 May. D．On Tuesday 29 May. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、题段一致法、位置特征法等解答该题。 根据题干中的 in Hebrew 可以定位至 Habima National Theatre 处，根据最后一部分内容 “Date & Time：Monday 28 May,7：30 pm & Tuesday 29 May,7：30 pm”可知，在 5 月 29 日是可以在 Hebrew 看戏剧的，故选 D 项。 (2017·全国Ⅱ，B) I first met Paul Newman in 1968，when George Roy Hill，the director of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance Kid，introduced us in New York City.When the studio didn’t want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me.I don’t know how many people would have done that; they would have listened to their agents or the studio powers. The friendship that grew out of the experience of making that film and The Sting four years later had its root in the fact that although there was an age difference， we both came from a tradition of theater and live TV.We were respectful of craft(技 艺) and focused on digging into the characters we were going to play.Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors: humorous，aggressive， and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection.Those were also 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 4 at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen. We shared the belief that if you’re fortunate enough to have success，you should put something back—he with his Newman’s Own food and his Hole in the Wall camps for kids who are seriously ill，and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival.Paul and I didn’t see each other all that regularly，but sharing that brought us together.We supported each other financially and by showing up at events. I last saw him a few months ago.He’d been in and out of the hospital.He and I both knew what the deal was，and we didn’t talk about it.Ours was a relationship that didn’t need a lot of words. 语篇解读 本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要讲述了作者和一位著名演员 Paul Newman 之间的 友谊。 24．Why was the studio unwilling to give the role to the author at first? A．Paul Newman wanted it. B．The studio powers didn’t like his agent. C．He wasn’t famous enough. D．The director recommended someone else. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据第一段第 二句“When the studio didn’t want me for the film—it wanted somebody as well known as Paul—he stood up for me.”可知，电影公司想要像保罗那样出名的人，由此可以判断， 作者不够出名，故选 C 项。 25．Why did Paul and the author have a lasting friendship? A．They were of the same age. B．They worked in the same theater. C．They were both good actors. D．They had similar characteristics. 答案 D 解析 推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键信息定位法、题段一致法、位置特征法等解答该题。 根据第二段最后两句“Both of us had the qualities and virtues that are typical of American actors：humorous，aggressive，and making fun of each other—but always with an underlying affection.Those were also at the core(核心) of our relationship off the screen.”可知，作者与保罗在荧幕前和荧幕后都很幽默、有进取心，并互开对方的玩笑， 即他们两人有相似的性格，故选 D 项。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 5 26．What does the underlined word “that” in Paragraph 3 refer to? A．Their belief. B．Their care for children. C．Their success. D．Their support for each other. 答案 A 解析 代词指代题。可运用关键信息定位法、题段一致法、扫读法等解答该题。根据第三段 第一句“We shared the belief that...”以及下面对 belief 的具体解释可知，画线处是指 共同拥有这种“信念”使他们两人连在一起，故选 A 项。 27．What is the author’s purpose in writing the text? A．To show his love of films. B．To remember a friend. C．To introduce a new movie. D．To share his acting experience. 答案 B 解析 写作意图题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。本文是按照时 间顺序写的，从作者与保罗的最初相见，到友谊慢慢加深，以及几个月前去看生病的保罗， 由此可知作者写此文的目的是回忆一位朋友，故选 B 项。 跟踪训练 A (2017·福建师大附中期中) For most seventh graders，life doesn’t get much harder than a history test.But for Grant Reed of Bellville ， Ohio ， it’s his own current events that are so painful.“Honestly，I don’t want to die，” Grant says.Last year，doctors at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus found a tumor( 肿 瘤 ) in Grant’s brain.They cut it out，but the surgery left him with stroke-like symptoms.Plus， he had to go through months of radiation and chemotherapy to try to stop the spread of the disease. Yet，through it all，Grant has shown remarkable determination，which he owes， partly，to Ohio State football.His parents，Troy and Denise，were both in the OSU marching band and fell in love during halftime of the Michigan game.His cat is named after the team Buckeye.His wardrobe is painted scarlet (the color of the team’s sportswear)．The point is，almost nothing mattered more to Grant than Ohio State football—until he got sick，of course. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 6 “I didn’t like the word cancer，” Grant says.So he decided not to use the word.Instead，the kid named his cancer Michigan and insisted everyone in his life refer to it as such，because Ohio State always beats Michigan.That was something he could understand and make it into a competition.He was going to beat this disease. It’s now been more than a year since Grant issued that announcement.“And if you look at his scans，” Dr.Randal at Nationwide Children’s says，“There’s nothing there.There’s a big space，but there’s no tumor.” “Grant is beating Michigan.And although much of it has to go to science，don’t ignore the semantics(语义学)．You have to do something to make it a disease you can fight.And for Grant，that was naming it Michigan，” his parents say. This weekend，Ohio State and Michigan will be battling like their lives depend on it.But in this house，the Reed family will be watching with a calm insight：it’s just a game. 语篇解读 Grant 得了癌症，但是他没有放弃，通过自己坚强的意志力和医学的帮助，战胜 了病魔。 1．What’s the main idea of the first paragraph? A．History is a difficult subject. B．Grant suffered a serious disease. C．The operation was successful. D．The tumor has spread all over. 答案 B 解析 段落大意题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据文章第一 段的句子“Last year，doctors at Nationwide Children’s Hospital in Columbus found a tumor(肿瘤) in Grant’s brain.”及为此接受的治疗等可知，该段主要介绍 Grant 得了 重病。故选 B。 2．From the second paragraph，we can infer that . A．Grant was born a football fan B．football makes a full man C．interest is the best teacher D．God helps those who help themselves 答案 A 解析 推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据文章第二 段描述可知，Grant 天生是个足球迷。故选 A。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 7 3．By saying that it’s just a game，we can infer that the Reed family . A．has lost interest in the match between Ohio State and Michigan B．believes Michigan will surely beat Ohio State this weekend C．has a better understanding of life D．views the match as a matter of life and death 答案 C 解析 推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据文章最后 一段的句子“But in this house，the Reed family will be watching with a calm insight： it’s just a game.”可知，Reed 一家用冷静的视角看待比赛，说明他们对人生有了新的理 解。故选 C。 B (2017·湖北武汉调研) In Switzerland，the land of watches，trains really do run like clockwork.“If I’m 30 seconds late，the train is gone，” said Michelle Kranz，who commutes(通 勤) daily into Lucerne，where she works for the tourist board. Step across the border，and you’re in a different universe.Italy has two rail schedules：the one printed in the brochure and the other，flashing updates，on a board in the station.The first may be a fantasy；the second，reality.Next to posted departures，“Invariably you see the word ‘ritardato’(delayed)，” said Rick Steves， who writes guidebooks and runs a tour company called Europe Through the Back Door in Edmonds，Wash. Your time or my time？When traveling，you’re in their time.And that can affect almost everything：catching trains and buses，shopping，getting a meal and making appointments. Knowing a little about the culture can prevent much of the frustration.“It’s important to go with the flow，”Steves said.“If you go to a restaurant in Spain at 7 pm，that’s bad news.The staff is eating then.Try going after 9 pm，as the Spaniards do.For the Swiss，the earlier the better，say 6 pm；after 10，a tourist hoping for a hot meal in Switzerland just might go hungry.” However，in some Latin American nations，hours and minutes seem hardly to matter.“In Mexico，guests invited to a 6 pm social dinner think nothing of showing up two or three hours later，”said Terri Morrison，who is updating a 1995 guide she 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 8 co-wrote called Kiss，Bow or Shake Hands：How to Do Business in More than Sixty Countries for release next year.In fact，it’s wise to arrive at least an hour later for dinner in Mexico City，Morrison said，to avoid embarrassing an unprepared host. There are many theories as to why time doesn’t fly at the same speed around the globe.Climate，economics and culture may play a role. 语篇解读 本文描述了瑞士、意大利、西班牙、墨西哥等几个国家对于时间的理解，有些 国家非常守时，而有些国家却经常推迟时间，不同的国家有不同的文化习俗，到一个不同 的国家记得要“入乡随俗”。 4．Which country does best in punctuality? A．Switzerland. B．Italy. C．Spain. D．Mexico. 答案 A 解析 细节理解题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据第一段第 一句可知，在手表之都瑞士，火车运行就像钟表一样准时。所以在准时方面，瑞士做得最好。 故选 A 项。 5．What can be learned about Italian train services? A．They change schedules twice a day. B．They have no fixed schedules. C．They usually arrive on time. D．They often delay. 答案 D 解析 推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据第二段最 后 一 句 “Next to posted departures ， ‘Invariably you see the word‘ritardato’(delayed)，’．..”可知，在发布的火车离站时间旁边，你通常会看到 ritardato(延误)这个词，由此可以推断出意大利的火车经常晚点。故选 D 项。 6．What do the Mexican think of time? A．It means money. B．It is not important at all. C．It is embarrassing to be late. D．It is not enough for writers. 答案 B 解析 推理判断题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。根据倒数第二 段中的“...think nothing of showing up two or three hours later...”和“...it’s wise 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 9 to arrive at least an hour later for dinner...”可知，在墨西哥这样的拉丁美洲国家， 时间并不是那么重要，由此可以推断出，在墨西哥人们对时间并不看重。故选 B 项。 7．What does the text mainly talk about? A．Punctuality is a special virtue. B．The Swiss appreciate tight schedule. C．Some countries are more punctual than others. D．A small amount of lateness is acceptable. 答案 C 解析 主旨大意题。可运用扫读法、关键词法、关键信息定位法等解答该题。本文描述了不 同的国家在守时方面有各自不同的习惯，C 项意为“有些国家比其他国家更守时”符合文章 大意。故选 C 项。