2020届一轮复习人教版必修一Unit4Earthquakes单元学案（40页） 40页

‎2020届一轮复习人教版必修一Unit4Earthquakes单元学案 ‎(一)课前自主学习 ‎ ‎ Ⅰ.阅读单词——————知其意 ‎1．earthquake n．[纵联1]　　 　 地震 ‎2．crack n. 裂缝；噼啪声 vt.&vi. (使)开裂；破裂 ‎3．smelly adj. 发臭的；有臭味的 ‎4．farmyard n. 农场；农家 ‎5．cyclist n. 骑自行车的人 ‎6．canal n．[纵联2] 运河；水道 ‎7．steam n. 蒸汽；水汽 ‎8．dirt n. 污垢；泥土 ‎9．extreme adj. 极度的 ‎10．survivor n. 幸存者；生还者；残存物 ‎11．track n. 轨道；足迹；痕迹 ‎12．shelter n. 掩蔽；掩蔽处；避身处 ‎13．reporter n. 记者 ‎14．outline n. 要点；大纲；轮廓 ‎15．headline n. 报刊的大字标题 Ⅱ.重点单词——————写其形 ‎1．burst vi. 爆裂；爆发 n. 突然破裂；爆发 ‎2．event n. 事件；大事 ‎3．ruin n. 废墟；毁灭 vt. 毁灭； 使破产 ‎4．suffering n. 苦难；痛苦 ‎5．destroy vt. 破坏；毁坏；消灭 ‎6．useless adj. 无用的；无效的；无益的 ‎7．rescue n．&vt. 援救；营救 ‎8．trap vt. 使陷入困境 n. 陷阱；困境 ‎9．electricity n．[纵联3] 电；电流；电学 ‎10．disaster n. 灾难；灾祸 ‎11．bury vt. 埋葬；掩埋；隐藏 ‎12．title n. 标题；头衔；资格 ‎13．damage n．&vt. 损失；损害 ‎14．judge n. 裁判员；法官 vt. 断定；判断；判决 Ⅲ.拓展单词——————通其变 ‎1．nation n．民族；国家；国民→national adj.民族的；国家的；国民的→nationality n．国籍 ‎2．shock vt.& vi.(使)震惊；震动 n．休克；打击；震惊→shocking ‎ adj.令人震惊的→shocked adj.感到震惊的[纵联4]‎ ‎3．injure vt.损害；伤害→injury n．伤害；损害→injured adj.受伤的 ‎4．express vt.表示；表达 n．快车；速递→expression n．表达；表情 ‎5．frighten vt.使惊吓；吓唬→frightened adj.受惊的；受恐吓的→frightening adj.令人恐惧的 ‎6．congratulation n．祝贺；(复数)贺词→congratulate vt.祝贺 ‎7．sincerely adv.真诚地；真挚地→sincere adj.真诚的；真挚的[纵联5]‎ ‎ ‎ 纵联1.盘点合成名词(n.＋n.)‎ ‎①earthquake地震 ②bookmark书签 ‎③basketball篮球 ④website网站 ‎⑤homework家庭作业 ⑥teamwork合作 纵联2.由canal带你去畅游 ‎①strait n．海峡 ②reservoir n．水库 ‎③pool n．池塘 ④ocean n．海洋 ‎⑤stream n．小溪 ⑥channel n．海峡 纵联3.“adj.＋ity→n.”荟萃 ‎①electric→electricity 电；电流；电学 ‎ ‎②popular→popularity 受欢迎；流行 ‎③real→reality 现实 ‎④similar→similarity 相似点 ‎⑤secure→security 安全 ‎⑥equal→equality 平等 ‎⑦major→majority 大多数 纵联4.“ing/ed”结尾的形容词聚焦 ‎①shocking　　　 　 　　　　令人震惊的shocked 　 　 　 　 　 　感到震惊的 ‎②frightening 　 　 　 　 　　　令人恐惧的frightened 　 　　 　 　 　受惊的 ‎③terrifying　 　 　 　 　 　　令人恐怖的terrified 　 　　 　 　 　 　感到害怕的 ‎④disappointing　　 　 　　 　　令人失望的disappointed 　 　 　　 　 　感到失望的 ‎⑤surprising　 　　 　　　 　　 令人吃惊的surprised 　 　 　 　　 　 　感到吃惊的 纵联5.让人佩服的“真诚；诚实”品质 ‎①sincere adj. 真诚的 sincerely adv. 真诚地 ‎②genuine adj. 真诚的；真心的 genuinely adv. 真诚地；诚实地 ‎③hearty adj. 亲切的；热诚的 heartfelt adj. 真诚的；衷心的 ‎④honest adj. 诚实的；正直的 honesty n. 诚实；正直；坦诚 ‎ ‎ 单元话题——自然灾害 子话题1　各种自然灾害 ‎①flood n．洪水 ②hurricane n．飓风 ‎③sandstorm n．沙尘暴 ④typhoon n．台风 ‎⑤volcano n．火山 ⑥snowstorm n．暴风雪 ‎⑦tornado n．龙卷风 ⑧tsunami n．海啸 ‎⑨landslide n．山体滑坡 ⑩drought n．旱灾；干旱 子话题2　造成的危害 ‎①terrify vt.使恐惧；使惊吓 ②ash n．灰；灰末 ‎③victim n. 受害者 ④catastrophe n. 灾难；灾祸 ‎⑤radioactive adj. 放射性的 ⑥panic n．&vi.惊慌；恐慌 ‎⑦muddy adj. 泥泞的 ⑧lava n．熔岩；岩浆 ‎⑨melt vi.融化 ⑩tidal adj.潮汐的；有涨落的 ‎⑪worsen vi.(使)恶化 ⑫fierce adj.狂暴的；恶劣的 ‎[学考对接•活学活用]‎ 高考采撷(一)　阅读中的词汇应用 ‎1．(2016•北京高考阅读B)When they returned to Rockaway the next day, they found their neighborhood in __❶__ (ruin). Many of Natalie’s friends had lost their homes and were living far away.All around her, people were suffering❷， especially the elderly. Natalie’s school was so damaged❸ that she had to temporarily attend a school in Brooklyn.‎ ‎①用ruin的适当形式填空：ruins ‎②写出suffer在本单元中的同根名词：suffering_‎ ‎③写出damage在本单元的近义词：_destroy;_damage的复数形式damages意为赔偿金 ‎2．(2012•陕西高考完形填空)When she opened her eyes and saw her dog standing beside her, the girl said, “you __❶__ (rescue) me, Laddy，” and she kissed him several times. Seeing their daughter and dog coming back, the parents burst __❷__ tears of relief❸. That night Laddy had a hero’s supper: a huge meal of steak.‎ ‎①用rescue的正确形式填空：rescued ‎②在空白处填入适当的介词：into ‎③写出relief在本单元的反义词：_shock_‎ ‎3．(2010•江西高考完形填空)When Alice started to cycle❶ home from Jenny’s house, she wasn’t nervous. She was certainly not afraid❷ of the dark. Besides, it was only a 15minute ride home. But halfway there, she began to wish that she hadn’t been so brave.‎ ‎①写出cycle在本单元中的同根名词：cyclist;_cycle作为动词意为“骑车；循环”，recycle意为循环利用 ‎②写出afraid在本单元的同义词：_frightened_‎ 高考采撷(二)　写作中的词汇应用 ‎(根据汉语及提示词翻译句子)‎ ‎1．(2014•北京高考书面表达)但现在，由于我的左脚在足球比赛中受 伤了，所以我不能按计划和你一起去。我写信真诚地向你表达我的歉意。(injure, express, sincerely)‎ But_now,_because_my_left_foot_was_injured_in_the_football_game,_I_cannot_go_with_you_as_planned._I’m_writing_to_sincerely_express_my_apology_to_you.‎ ‎2．(2014•湖南高考写作)当一个心怀恶意的人攻击我们的时候，我们不会感到害怕，因为我们可以电击他，从而逃离危险。(frightened, shock)‎ When_a_man_with_an_evil_intention_attacks_us,_we_won’t_feel_frightened_because_we_can_give_him_an_electric_shock_and_escape_from_danger.‎ ‎ (二)课堂重点释疑 ‎1．burst vi.(burst, burst)爆裂；爆发n.突然破裂；爆发 ‎[记牢]‎ burst in/into　　　　　　 闯入；突然破门而入 burst out crying/laughingburst into tears/laughter 突然哭起来/笑起来 burst with anger 勃然大怒 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①He burst in without knocking at the door, which made me very angry.‎ ‎②He burst into the room without knocking at the door，which made me very angry.‎ 一句多译 看到她的同学因为她的愚蠢错误哄堂大笑，她突然哭了起来。‎ ‎③Seeing her classmates burst_out_laughing because of her foolish mistakes, she burst_out_crying. (burst out)‎ ‎④Seeing her classmates burst_into_laughter because of her foolish mistakes, she burst_into_tears. (burst into)‎ ‎[用准]　短语burst in中的in是副词，后面不接宾语；而burst into中的into是介词，后面应接宾语。‎ ‎[写美]　翻译句子 ‎⑤听到这，全班哄堂大笑，我同桌的脸变红了。‎ Hearing_this,_the_whole_class_burst_into_laughter/burst_out_laughing_and_my_deskmate’s_face_turned_red. ‎ ‎2．ruin n．[U]毁灭；毁坏；崩溃；[常用复数]废墟；遗迹vt.毁灭；使破产；成为废墟 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)lie/be in ruins　　　　 成为废墟 be reduced to ruins 沦为废墟 ‎(2)ruin oneself 毁掉自己；自取灭亡 ruin one’s health/fame/future 毁坏某人的健康/声誉/前途 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①With time going on, the castle which once was very beautiful is now ‎ completely in ruins.‎ ‎②Shortly after suffering from a massive earthquake and being_reduced (reduce) to ruins, the city took on a new look.‎ 一句多译 他犯了个错误，这让他失去了出国的机会。‎ ‎③ He made a mistake, which_ruined_his_chance_of_going_abroad.(定语从句)‎ ‎④He made a mistake, ruining_his_chance_of_going_abroad.(分词作状语)‎ ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎⑤无论一个牌子多有名气，一旦辜负了消费者的信任它就有可能会毁灭。‎ No matter how famous a brand is, it can_be_in_ruins_once it betrays the trust of consumers.‎ ‎3．bury vt.埋葬；掩埋；使沉浸；隐藏；使专心 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)be buried inbury oneself in　　　　　　　 埋头于；专心于 ‎(2)bury one’s face in one’s hands 双手掩面 ‎[练通]‎ 单句语法填空 ‎①Buried (bury) in his study, he wasn’t aware that all the others had left.‎ ‎②Burying (bury) his face in his hands, he tried to control his weeping.‎ 句式升级 He sat at a wooden table and was buried in reading.‎ ‎→③He_sat_at_a_wooden_table,_buried_in_reading.(过去分词短语作状语)‎ ‎→④He_sat_at_a_wooden_table,_burying_himself_in_reading. (现在分词短语作状语)‎ ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎⑤(2017•天津高考书面表达)虽然这些天我埋头读书，但我还是加入了几个学生俱乐部以提高自己。‎ Though_buried_in_books_these_days,_I have still joined several student clubs in order to improve myself.‎ ‎[联想]　表示“专心于；致力于”的短语还有：‎ ‎①be absorbed/engaged in　　　 ②be devoted to ‎③be lost in ④focus on ‎⑤fix/concentrate one’s attention on ‎4．judge n．裁判员；法官 vt.断定；判断；判决 ‎ ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)judge ...from/by ...　 从……来判断……‎ as far as I can judge 据我判断；我认为 ‎(2)judging by/from 从……来看；根据……来判断 ‎[练通]　单句语法填空 ‎①As the old saying goes, “You can’t judge a book by/from its cover.”‎ ‎②Judging (judge) from the number of cars, he thought there were not many people in the club yet.‎ ‎[用准]　judging from/by表示“从……来看；根据……来判断”，用在句首时为一个独立成分，不受句子主语和时态的影响。‎ ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎③(2017•江苏高考书面表达)我认为，电影市场在不久的将来会低迷。‎ As_far_as_I_can_judge,_the film market may witness a slowdown in the near future.‎ ‎[词汇过关综合训练]　 ‎ Ⅰ.单词拼写 ‎1．His house was destroyed (破坏) in the earthquake last year and he had to build a new one.‎ ‎2．After learning that the boys had been lost for almost 20 hours, the police sent out a rescue (营救) team to look for them.‎ ‎3．With so many miners buried (掩埋) under the mine, none of the rescue workers would stop to have a rest.‎ ‎4．A water pipe burst (爆裂) and the entire apartment was flooded.‎ ‎5．Too much drinking will do damage (损害) to your health; you should take the doctor’s advice. ‎ ‎6．It is useless (无用的) discussing the matter with him. He won’t change his mind.‎ ‎7．The first thing he did was to find shelter (掩蔽处) from the freezing ‎ wind and snow.‎ ‎8．It was the second air disaster (灾难) in the region in less than two months.‎ Ⅱ.单句语法填空 ‎1．Her family was extremely (extreme) poor and all she had was one pair of shoes.‎ ‎2．Her astonished expression(express) suggested that she hadn’t expected that result.‎ ‎3．Don’t forget to praise them sincerely (sincere) when someone does something good.‎ ‎4．On arriving there, we expressed our congratulations (congratulate) to him on his success.‎ ‎5．Trapped (trap) in the ruins, the girl still wore a smile, waiting to be rescued.‎ ‎6．Seeing the frightening (frighten) scene, the boy began to cry.‎ ‎7．What the newspaper reported did a great injury to her fame.‎ ‎8．A large number of soldiers were sent there to_rescue (rescue) those trapped in the buildings.‎ Ⅲ.单句改错 ‎1．Judged from her last letter, they are having a wonderful time.Judged→Judging ‎2．The little girl was so frightening that she burst out ‎ crying.frightening→frightened ‎3．The earthquake did damage for the area where many houses fell down and many people were trapped in ruins.for→to ‎4．To our relief, up to now the injured in the crash has been carried to the nearby hospital.has→have ‎5．They were extreme sad at the thought of their missing son.extreme→extremely Ⅳ.根据提示补全句子/句型转换 ‎1．他看了一眼映照在镜子里的自己的脸，突然大笑起来。(burst out)‎ He looked at his face reflected in the mirror, bursting_out_laughing.‎ ‎2．从观众的反应看来，这次演出相当成功。(judge)‎ Judging_from_the_response_of_the_audience,_the performance was quite a success.‎ ‎3．三天后火被扑灭了，大约500个街区夷为平地。(ruin)‎ Three days later, the fire was put out and some 500 blocks_lay/were_in_ruins.‎ ‎4．Because he was buried in his books, he didn’t know it was raining outside. ‎ ‎①Burying_himself_in_his_books,_he didn’t know it was raining outside.(现在分词短语作状语)‎ ‎②Buried_in_his_books,_he didn’t know it was raining outside.(过去分词短语作状语)‎ ‎ ‎ ‎(一)课前自主学习 ‎ ‎ ‎1．right_away　　　　　[串记1] 立刻；马上 ‎2．think_little/nothing_of [串记2] 认为……没什么 ‎3．at_an_end_ 结束；终结 ‎4．in_ruins 严重受损；破败不堪 ‎5．dig_out 掘出；发现 ‎6．a_(great)_number_of 许多；大量的 ‎7．be_proud_of 以……而自豪 ‎8．tens_of_thousands_of 数以万计的 ‎9．too_..._to_... 太……而不能……‎ ‎10．lose_one’s_life 失去生命 ‎[同根短语串记]‎ 串记1.“立刻；马上”来集合 ‎①right away ②right now ‎③at once ④in no time ‎⑤immediately ⑥in an instant 串记2.“think＋adv.＋of”短语扫描 ‎①think little of 认为……没什么 ‎②think highly of 重视；看得起 ‎③think well of 重视 ‎ ‎④think poorly of 轻视 ‎⑤think badly of 认为……不好 ‎ ‎ ‎1．look for places to_hide 找地方藏身 ‎2．jump_out of 从……往外跳 ‎3._later_that afternoon 在那天下午晚些时候 ‎4．cut across 穿过；贯穿；抄近路 ‎5．on that special day 在那个特殊的日子 ‎6．wake up 叫醒 ‎ ‎ ‎1．It_seemed_as_if_the world was at an end!‎ 仿佛到了世界末日！‎ ‎2．Thousands of families were killed and many children_were_left_without_parents.‎ 成千上万个家庭遇难，许多孩子变成了孤儿。‎ ‎3．Everywhere_they_looked nearly everything was destroyed.人们无论朝哪里看，哪里的一切都几乎被毁了。‎ ‎4．All hope was not lost.并非所有的希望都破灭了。‎ ‎5．The man was_sleeping_downstairs_when the earthquake happened.那个人正在楼下睡觉，突然发生了地震。‎ ‎[学考对接•活学活用]‎ 高考采撷(一)　完形中的短语(补全句子)‎ ‎1．(2018•浙江高考完形填空)By the time I got home, I only had a few hours to do my homework, and I had to do it right_away (马上). ‎ ‎2．(2011•广东高考完形填空)I observed a_number_of (许多) intelligent children who were taken out of a special class and placed in a regular class.‎ 高考采撷(二)　写作中的短语和句式(补全句子)‎ ‎1．(2016•北京高考书面表达)我们为自己感到骄傲，相信我们可以为更美好的世界做更多的事。(proud)‎ We_are_proud_of_ourselves and believe we can do more for a better world.‎ ‎2．(2014•福建高考书面表达)这辆自行车似乎太重了，很难控制。更糟糕的是，我从自行车上摔下来很多次。(too ...to ...)‎ The bike seemed too_heavy_and_difficult_to_control. Worse still, I took many falls off the bike. ‎ ‎3．(2014•山东高考写作)这句谚语提醒了我，通往成功的道路并不总是一帆风顺。 (部分否定)‎ The proverb reminded me that the path to success was_not_always_smooth.‎ ‎(二)课堂重点释疑 ‎[短语集释]‎ ‎1．at an end结束；终结 ‎[记牢]‎ ‎(1)at the end of　　　　　 在……尽头；在……末端 by the end of 到……结束时；到……时候为 ‎ 止(常与完成时态连用)‎ in the end 最后；终于 (2)put/bring ... to an endput an end to ... 使……结束 come to an end 完成；结束 ‎[练通]‎ 句型转换 The meeting was at an end and he set down many key points.‎ ‎→①The_meeting_came_to_an_end and he set down many key points.(come)‎ ‎→②We_brought_the_meeting_to_an_end and he set down many key points.(bring)‎ ‎→③We_put_an_end_to_the_meeting/We_put_the_meeting_to_an_end and he set down many key points.(put)‎ 单句改错 ‎④You should add your name in the end of the report.in→at ‎[写美]　升级句中加彩词汇 ‎⑤(2015•广东高考写作)The less the teacher does, the more the students do and the more they will learn.Finally they will become active learners rather than passive ones. In_the_end ‎2．a (great) number of许多；大量的 ‎[记牢]‎ (1)a great/large number ofa great/good manyquite a few＋可数名词复数＋复数谓语 ‎(2)the number of＋可数名词复数＋单数谓语 (3)a great deal ofa great/large amount of＋不可数名词 (4)a lot of/lots ofamounts ofa great/large quantity of/quantities ofmasses ofplenty of＋可数名词复数或不可数名词 ‎[练通]‎ 对比填空(a number of, the number of)‎ ‎①In China, _the_number_of cities is increasing whose development is recognized across the world.‎ ‎②As China develops fast and steadily, a_number_of foreigners are learning Chinese as a second language.‎ 单句语法填空 ‎③Large amounts of money are_spent (spend) on advertisements every year.‎ ‎④With more and more forests cut down, large quantities of soil are_being_washed_(wash) away.‎ ‎[用准]　“large quantities/amounts of＋n.”作主语时谓语动词用复数，而“a large quantity/amount of＋n.”作主语时谓语动词用单数。‎ ‎[写美]　补全句子 ‎⑤我听说我们学校的图书馆正计划购置一批新书，所以我写信推荐一 些书。‎ I’ve heard that our school library is_planning_to_buy_a_number_of_new_books,_so I am writing to recommend some books.‎ ‎[句式集释]‎ ‎1．as if (＝as though)引导状语从句或表语从句 ‎[教材原句]　It seemed as_if the world was at an end!‎ ‎[悟拓展例句]‎ ‎(1)Hurry up! It looks as if the train is_going_to_move.‎ 快点！看起来火车要开了。‎ ‎(2)The kids were very friendly with her and even looked up to her as if she were (be) their own mother.‎ ‎[析用法规则]‎ 用法归纳 (1)如果as if所引导的从句表示的是真实的或极有可能发生的情况时，句子要用陈述语气。‎ ‎(2)当说话人所陈述的是不真实的或极少发生或存在的情况时，从句用虚拟语气：‎ ‎①从句用一般过去时(与现在的事实相反) ‎ ‎②从句用过去完成时(与过去的事实相反) ‎ ‎③从句用would/could/might do形式(与将来的事实相反)‎ 注意事项 as though/if引导的从句中的主语和主句主语一致，且含有 be动词时，从句中的主语和be动词常常可以省略。例如：Tom raised his right hand as if (Tom was) to say something.汤姆举起右手好像要说些什么。‎ ‎[背写作佳句]‎ ‎(1)Everything in my childhood crowded upon my mind as if they had just happened.(要点句)‎ ‎(2)It’s very warm today. It seems as if it were spring already.(要点句)‎ ‎2．部分否定 ‎[教材原句]　All hope was not lost. ‎ ‎[悟拓展例句]‎ ‎(1)It’s impossible for all the applicants to get the jobs, because all of them aren’t fit for the jobs.‎ ‎＝It’s impossible for all the applicants to get the jobs, because not_all_of_them_are fit for the jobs.‎ ‎(2)Nothing in the world is difficult if one sets his mind to it.‎ ‎[谚]世上无难事，只怕有心人。‎ ‎[析用法规则]‎ 用法归纳 (1)英语中的all, both, every, everybody, everything, completely, always, whole, entirely 等与否定词not连用，无论not位置如何，均构成部分否定，表示“并非……都”的意思。‎ ‎(2)英语中的no, none, never, nobody, nothing, neither, no one, nowhere 等表否定意义的词(组)与肯定式谓语一起使用构成“全部否定”。‎ 注意事项 在英语中常可见到一些形式上否定而意义上则表肯定的句子。如：cannot ...too ‎[背写作佳句]‎ ‎(1)A recent survey shows that not all the students in our school take physical exercise in their spare time.(开头句)‎ ‎(2)(2018•浙江高考写作)Dad proposed that we should walk along the river which may lead us to the farm house and nothing seemed better than that.(要点句)‎ ‎[词块、句式过关综合训练]　 ‎ Ⅰ.选词填空 lose one’s life， in ruins， a number of， right away， dig out， think little of， at an end， be proud of ‎1．Having consulted a_number_of_books about the subject in the library, he went into the room, ready to give the audience a wonderful speech.‎ ‎2．You don’t look well. You’d better go and see a doctor right_away.‎ ‎3．As the farmer ploughed the field, he dug_out a pot of jewelry.‎ ‎4．My holiday is at_an_end and I must go back to work tomorrow.‎ ‎5．You have every reason to be_proud_of your country and nation.‎ ‎6．We went to see the woman whose husband lost_his_life in the earthquake.‎ ‎7．The guy is always making phone calls to her, but she_thinks_little_of_him.‎ ‎8．The strong earthquake left the city in_ruins merely in several seconds.‎ Ⅱ.句型转换 ‎1．All body language doesn’t mean the same thing in different countries, such as nodding. (变为同义句)‎ ‎→Not_all_body_language_means_the_same_thing_in_different_countries,_such as nodding.‎ ‎2．Not all of them were allowed to go there. (变为全部否定)‎ ‎→None_of_them were allowed to go there.‎ ‎3．The old man was lying on the ground as if he was badly hurt.(状语从句的省略)‎ ‎→The old man was lying on the ground as if badly_hurt.‎ Ⅲ.分步写作 假定你是李华，你从电视新闻上得知你的美国朋友汤姆所在的城市发生了地震。请你给汤姆写一封信，内容包括：‎ ‎1．对朋友汤姆及其家人表示关切；‎ ‎2．得知该地震造成的后果感到很难过；‎ ‎3．询问汤姆及其家人是否安好；‎ ‎4．愿意尽最大努力提供帮助。‎ 注意：1.词数100左右；‎ ‎2．可以适当增加细节，以使行文连贯。‎ 第一步：准确审题，理行文脉络，拟写作要点 ‎1．审题：①文体：普通信件　②人称：主要是第一、二人称 ‎③时态：主要是一般现在时和一般过去时 ‎2．拟点：通过研读题目，根据写作背景介绍和内容要求可以从以下三个方面来写作。‎ ‎①开头：得知地震消息并表达对朋友的关切之情。‎ ‎②主体：得知该地震造成的后果的心情；询问汤姆及其家人是否安好。‎ ‎③结尾：安慰朋友并表示愿意尽最大努力提供帮助。‎ 要点1：我得知你们城市发生了一场可怕的地震。我真的很担心你和你的家人。‎ I_learned_that_a_terrible_earthquake_happened_in_your_city.I_am_really_concerned_about_you_and_your_family.‎ 要点2－①：我听到这场灾难感到很难过。‎ I’m_so_sorry_to_hear_about_the_disaster.‎ 要点2－②：请告诉我你现在的生活是什么样的。‎ Please_tell_me_what_your_life_is_like_now.‎ 要点2－③：我希望你的家人都没有受伤。‎ I_hope_that_none_of_your_family_members_were_injured.‎ 要点3－①：请不要担心，一切都会好的。‎ Please_don’t_be_worried.Everything_will_be_fine.‎ 要点3－②：如果你需要帮助，请让我知道。‎ If_you_need_any_help,_please_let_me_know.‎ 要点3－③：我会尽我所能帮助你。‎ I_will_do_what_I_can_to_help_you.‎ 第二步：添加细节，文意更丰满，表达更亮眼 为了使行文连贯、满足词数要求，使句子更丰满，我们需要添加细节或使用一些高级表达以增加亮点。例如：‎ ‎1．在要点1中添加时间状语“当我观看电视新闻时”；‎ ‎2．对于要点2－①，可增加地震导致的具体后果(伤亡人数、受损程度)；‎ ‎3．在要点3－③中增加介词短语“作为你最好的朋友之一”，使朋友感受到你的真诚和温暖。‎ 拓展要点1：当我观看电视新闻时得知你们城市发生了一场可怕的地震。我真的很担心你和你的家人。 (时间状语从句)‎ When_I_watched_the_news_on_TV,_I_learned_that_a_terrible_earthquake_happened_in_your_city.I_am_really_concerned_about_you_and_your_family.‎ 拓展要点2－①：我听到这场灾难感到很难过，它造成6人死亡，500多人受伤，29人失踪，200多所房屋倒塌。 (定语从句，并列句， fall down)‎ I’m_so_sorry_to_hear_about_the_disaster,_which_caused_six_deaths_and_left_more_than_five_hundred_persons_injured.29_persons_were_missing_and_over_200_houses_fell_down.‎ 拓展要点3－③：作为你最好的朋友之一，我会尽我所能帮助你。(介词短语)‎ As_one_of_your_best_friends,_I_will_do_what_I_can_to_help_you.‎ 第三步：连句成文，排语句顺序，重衔接过渡 本写作采用三段式结构组织全文。可用“How are you doing？”开头，用what’s more作好文章的衔接过渡，最后用Best wishes！表达美好祝愿。‎ Dear_Tom，‎ How_are_you_doing?_When_I_watched_the_news_on_TV,_I_learned_that_a_terrible_earthquake_happened_in_your_city.I_am_really_concerned_about_you_and_your_family.‎ I’m_so_sorry_to_hear_about_the_disaster,_which_caused_six_deaths_and_left_more_than_five_hundred_persons_injured.What’s_more,_29_persons_were_missing_and_over_200_houses_fell_down.Please_tell_me_what_your_life_is_like_now.I_hope_that_none_of_your_family_members_were_injured.‎ Please_don’t_be_worried.Everything_will_be_fine.If_you_need_any_help,_please_let_me_know.As_one_of_your_best_friends,_I_will_do_what_I_can_to_help_you.‎ Best_wishes!‎ Yours_sincerely，‎ Li_Hua ‎ ‎ 理清文体结构之(四)　应用文之通知通告——抓标题及四大要素，比对定答案 通知通告类应用文结构比较单一，但是信息含量丰富。通知常含有一个主标题，点明通知类型等相关信息，正文常常涵盖通知内容、时间、地点及人物四大要素，文章结尾常常带有一些特别提示。解答此类应用文的关键在于抓住命题敏感点即标题及文中四要素，然后迅速浏览题干，找出题眼，再到文章中寻找与之相关的要素，进而比对信息得出答案。‎ ‎[抓标题及四大要素] [高考典例]　2015•全国卷Ⅰ•A篇 [读文解题技法]‎ 主标题表明通知类型及地点 ‎　 首段告知起始时间及收费◄‎ 副标题：时间1‎ ‎　　 　内容1　◄‎ ‎　　人物1‎ 副标题：时间2‎ ‎　　 　内容2　◄‎ ‎　　人物2‎ 副标题：时间3‎ ‎　　 　内容3　◄‎ ‎　　人物3‎ 副标题：时间4‎ ‎　　 　内容4　◄‎ ‎　　人物4‎ ‎　　具体联系方式◄ Monthly Talks at London Canal Museum Our monthly talks start at 19：30 on the first Thursday of each month except August. Admission is at normal charges and you don’t need to book. They end around 21：00.‎ November 7th The Canal Pioneers, by Chris Lewis. James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers. He was also a major player in training others in the art of canal planning and building. Chris Lewis will explain how Brindley made such a positive contribution to the education of that group of early “civil engineers”．‎ December 5th Ice for the Metropolis, by Malcolm Tucker. Well before the arrival of freezers, there was a demand for ice for food preservation and catering. Malcolm will explain the history of importing natural ice and the technology of building ice wells, and how London’s ice trade grew.‎ February 6th An Update on the Cotswold Canals, by Liz Payne. The Stroudwater Canal is moving towards reopening. The Thames and Severn Canal will take a little longer. We will have a report on the present state of play.‎ March 6th Eyots and Aits — Thames Islands, by Miranda Vickers. The Thames has many islands. Miranda has undertaken a review of all of them. She will tell us about those of greatest interest.‎ Online bookings: www.canalmuseum.org.uk/book More info: www.canalmuseum.org.uk/whatson London Canal Museum ‎1213 New Wharf Road, London NI 9RT www.canalmuseum.org.uk　www.canalmuseum.mobi Tel: 020 7713 0836 1.看主标题知通知类型 由主标题得知英国的London Canal Museum要举行monthly talks。‎ ‎2.读首段关注特别点 阅读首段了解到monthly talks的起始时间及收费情况。‎ ‎3.览副标题明层次结构 ‎4个副标题为4次monthly talks的举行时间。‎ ‎4.分段速读标要素 每个副标题下涵盖开讲时间、人物和内容，标出这些要素，为后面解题做好铺垫。‎ ‎5.标出题眼找对应点 在题干中找到题眼，并在文中找到对应点，然后与标出的“要素”进行比对，便可得出答案。‎ ‎[据题眼比对定答案]‎ ‎21. is the talk on ？‎ A．February 6th.　　　　　 　B．March 6th.‎ C．November 7th. D．December 5th.‎ ‎22. is the topic of the talk in ？‎ A．The Canal Pioneers.‎ B．Ice for the Metropolis.‎ C．Eyots and Aits — Thames Islands.‎ D．An Update on the Cotswold Canals.‎ ‎23. will give the talk on ？‎ A．Miranda Vickers. B．Malcolm Tucker.‎ C．Chris Lewis. D．Liz Payne.‎ ‎[答案]　21.C　22.D　23.A ‎21．题眼――→定位人物1――→比对副标题：时间1，直接得出答案 ‎22．题眼――→定位时间3――→比对内容3，直接得出答案 ‎23．题眼――→定位内容4――→比对人物4，直接得出答案　‎ ‎[课下语篇提能练]　　　 ‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 In China, the “kingdom of bicycles”， people went everywhere by bicycle.However, now as a result of industrialization, from 1995 to 2005, the number of bikes declined by 35% in Chinese cities, while cars and ‎ other motor vehicles doubled.This has left air polluted and roads crowded.In China, pollutant levels have risen alongside urban population growth.‎ To deal with this issue, Chinese cities have invested (投资) increasingly in public transport systems like bikesharing.Bikesharing systems have grown extremely in China in the past decade.The first major models started in European cities Amsterdam and Copenhagen in 1968 and 1995 and offered a service through which citygoers could easily borrow bikes to travel around the city.Since then, bikesharing systems have grown rapidly.‎ China now has the biggest and largest number of bikesharing programs.One of the largest programs is the Hangzhou Public Bicycle Service.The system is straightforward — pick up a bike from any station and you can ride for free in the first hour.Need another hour? Pay 1 Chinese yuan for a second hour.Given its ease and cheapness, it’s no surprise that an average of 310,000 people use the system every day.‎ However, the adoption of bikesharing wasn’t easy at the beginning.After the 2008 Olympic Games, Beijing struggled in maintaining its bikesharing programs, as bikesharing companies suffered heavy financial (财政的) losses due to little government support and little demand.Shanghai similarly struggled in 2014, with citizens choosing to take taxis or to buy their own bikes.Then things started to look up.And ‎ now more bikesharing programs, like Mobike and Ofo, are developing quickly.‎ Regardless of how bikesharing systems change in China, it’s evident that they’ve made their mark on China’s transport systems, on the way to making the country return to the “kingdom of bicycles” and hopefully regain clean air.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了共享单车在中国的发展过程。‎ ‎1．What contributed to the birth of bikesharing programs in China?‎ A．Rising pollutant levels.‎ B．The population growth.‎ C．The tradition of riding bicycles.‎ D．People’s increasing interest in cycling.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第二段中的“To deal with this issue, Chinese cities have invested (投资) increasingly in public transport systems like bikesharing.”可知， this issue应指第一段所提到的“However, now as a result of industrialization ...while cars and other motor vehicles doubled.This has left air polluted and roads crowded.”，所以说是机动车的增加导致的城市环境污染催生了中国的共享单车项目。‎ ‎2．What can we learn about bikesharing from Paragraph 2?‎ A．It serves as the most convenient transport system.‎ B．It is a common means of transport in Europe.‎ C．It enjoys popularity in most Chinese cities.‎ D．It has a history of about half a century.‎ 解析：选D　推理判断题。根据第二段的“The first major models started in European cities Amsterdam and Copenhagen in 1968 and 1995 ...”可知，共享单车已经有半世纪的历史，故选D项。‎ ‎3．What made Shanghai have trouble keeping its bikesharing programs at first?‎ A．Little demand. B．Too many taxis.‎ C．A lack of money. D．No government support.‎ 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第四段的“Shanghai similarly struggled in 2014, with citizens choosing to take taxis or to buy their own bikes.”可知，市场需求少是造成上海最初发展困难的因素。‎ ‎4．What would be the best title for the text?‎ A．Bikes: an ecofriendly means of transport B．The benefits of bikesharing C．The kingdom of bicycles D．Bikesharing in China 解析：选D　标题归纳题。本文主要介绍了共享单车在中国的发展过程，故D项为最佳标题。‎ Ⅱ.完形填空 Men and women may have different experiences in shopping for clothes.‎ A man goes shopping because he needs something. His purpose is settled and decided in __1__. He knows what he wants, and his __2__ is to find it and buy it. All men __3__ walk into a shop and ask the shop assistant for what they want. If the shop has it in stock (库存), the deal can be done and __4__ is completed in less than five minutes, with hardly any chat to everyone’s __5__.‎ For a man, slight problems may begin when the shop does not have what he wants. In that __6__， the salesman tries to sell the customer something else — he __7__ the nearest to the article required. A good salesman brings out such a substitute (替代品) __8__； he may say, “I know this jacket is not the style you want, sir, but would you like to try it for size? It __9__ to be the color you mentioned.” Few men have __10__ with this treatment, and the usual answer is：“This is the right color and may be the right size, but I shouldn’t be __11__ my time and yours by trying it on.”‎ For a woman, buying clothes is always done in the __12__ way. Her shopping is not often __13__ on need. She has never fully decided what she wants, and she is only “having a look around”. She is always __14__ to persuasion, willing to try on any number of things. Deep in her mind is the thought of finding something that __15__ thinks suits her. Most women have an excellent sense of value and are always on the lookout for the unexpected __16__. Faced with a roomful of dresses, a woman ‎ may easily spend an hour going from one rail to another __17__ selecting the dress she wants to __18__. It is a tiresome process，but clearly a(n) __19__ one. Most dress shops provide chairs for the waiting __20__.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了男女在购物方面的不同表现。‎ ‎1．A.detail　　　　　　 　 　 　B．hurry C．advance D．mind 解析：选C　根据下句“He knows what he wants”可知男人购物时，他们要买的东西预先(in advance)就决定好了。‎ ‎2．A.advice B．goal C．demand D．question 解析：选B　既然他知道他想要什么，因此他的目标(goal)就是发现它并购买。‎ ‎3．A.quickly B．immediately C．soon D．simply 解析：选D　所有的男士只是(simply)走进商店向售货员要求他们想要的东西。‎ ‎4．A.often B．constantly C．normally D．finally 解析：选A　如果商店有现货就可以进行交易，交易过程常常(often)在不到5分钟之内就可完成，几乎没有闲聊且皆大欢喜(to everyone’s satisfaction)。‎ ‎5．A.confidence B．amusement C．satisfaction D．surprise 解析：选C　参见上题解析。‎ ‎6．A.time B．event C．situation D．case 解析：选D　如果那样的话(in that case)，售货员就会竭尽全力卖给顾客其他东西——售货员会把离这位男顾客想要的东西最近的那件提供(offers)给他。‎ ‎7．A.gives B．offers C．presents D．delivers 解析：选B　参见上题解析。‎ ‎8．A.skillfully B．attentively C．actively D．carefully 解析：选A　好的售货员会巧妙地(skillfully)拿出这样的替代品。‎ ‎9．A.occurs B．happens C．comes D．takes 解析：选B　先生，我知道这件夹克不是你想要的款式，但是你能试一试这件看看尺码合适吗？那碰巧(happens)是你提到的那种颜色。‎ ‎10．A.patience B．interest C．expectation D．experience 解析：选A　根据上文男士购物特点的介绍可知，很少的男士会对这种服务有耐心(patience)。‎ ‎11．A.losing B．spending C．giving D．wasting 解析：选D　这件的颜色和大小可能都合适，但我不应该通过试穿它来浪费(wasting)你我的时间。‎ ‎12．A.same B．clever C．opposite D．similar 解析：选C　根据文章第一段可知，男女在购买衣服方面有不同的体验。所以对于女士来说，她们总是以与男士相反的(opposite)方式购买衣服。‎ ‎13．A.relied B．based C．done D．related 解析：选B　女士购物经常不是基于需要。be based on“基于……”；be relied on“被依赖”。‎ ‎14．A.open B．ready C．close D．happy 解析：选A　根据后半句中的“willing to try on any number of things”可知，女士总是乐于接受(be open to)劝导。‎ ‎15．A.nobody B．somebody C．everybody D．anybody 解析：选C　在女性购物者内心深处是想找到每个人(everyone)都认为适合她的东西。‎ ‎16．A.deal B．surprise C．luck D．bargain 解析：选D　根据上文(大多数女性都有超高的价值意识)可推知，女性购物者总是对意外的便宜货(bargain)很留意。‎ ‎17．A.after B．as C．before D．by 解析：选C　面对满屋子的衣服，女性购物者可能会很容易花一个小时从一个服装架走到另一个服装架才(before)会选中自己想要试穿(try on)的衣服。‎ ‎18．A.try on B．try out C．try up D．try for 解析：选A　参见上题解析。‎ ‎19．A.tiring B．enjoyable C．boring D．graceful 解析：选B　这个过程很烦人，但对女性购物者来说显然是一种令她们很愉悦的(enjoyable)过程。‎ ‎20．A.customers B．assistants C．wives D．husbands 解析：选D　男士不愿意购物，因此大多数服装店总是给等待女士购物的丈夫们提供椅子。‎ Ⅲ.语法填空 ‎(2019•合肥第三次质检)The cheongsam is a female dress with distinctive Chinese features and enjoys growing __1__ (popular) in the international ‎ world of high fashion. The name “cheongsam” __2__ (mean) simply “long dress” entered the English vocabulary from the dialect of China’s Guangdong Province. In other parts of the country including Beijing, however, it __3__ (know) as “qipao”， which has a history behind it.‎ After the early Manchu (满族的) rulers came to China, the Manchu women wore __4__ (normal) a onepiece dress which came to be called “qipao”. __5__ the 1911 Revolution ended the rule of the Qing Dynasty, the female dress survived the political change and, with later improvements, has become the traditional dress for Chinese women.‎ The cheongsam, __6__ neck is high, collar closed, fits well the Chinese female figure, and its sleeves may be either short, medium or full __7__ (long), depending on seasons or tastes. In addition, it is not too complicated __8__ (make). Nor __9__ it need too much material. Another beauty of the cheongsam is that it can be worn either __10__ casual or formal occasions. In either case, it creates an impression of simple and quiet charm, elegance and neatness.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇说明文，主要对中国的特色服装——旗袍做了简要说明。‎ ‎1．popularity　考查名词。分析句子结构可知，此处应用名词作enjoys的宾语，故填popularity，且popularity为不可数名词。‎ ‎2．meaning　考查非谓语动词。空处和句子谓语entered之间没有连词，故用非谓语动词。因为空处和句子主语The name之间构成逻辑 上的主动关系，故用现在分词作后置定语。‎ ‎3．is known　考查动词时态和语态。此处是对客观情况的一般性描述，应用一般现在时；it与know之间为被动关系，应用被动语态。‎ ‎4．normally　考查副词。修饰动词应用副词，故用副词normally修饰动词wore，在句子中作状语。‎ ‎5．Although/Though/While　考查连词。根据语境可知，上下句之间表示逻辑上的让步关系，故用连词Although/Though/While引导让步状语从句。‎ ‎6．whose　考查定语从句。分析句子结构可知，空处引导非限制性定语从句，并在从句中作定语，应用whose。‎ ‎7．length　考查名词。由空前的形容词full可知，空处应用名词length。‎ ‎8．to make　考查固定用法。分析句子结构可知，此处为固定用法：too ...to do sth.意为“太……而不能做某事”。‎ ‎9．does　考查倒装句。否定副词放句首，句子要部分倒装，即助动词放在主语之前；由本段的时态可知，应用一般现在时，故填does。‎ ‎10．on　考查介词。on ...occasion意为“在……场合下”，为固定搭配，故用介词on。‎ Ⅳ.短文改错 Last Sunday evening, my mom and I was enjoying a dinner at a restaurant while a girl at the next table received a call.She spoke in a very loudly voice.Then we learn that she was angry with her sister for using her new ‎ camera on secret.Her conversation lasted ten minute, which made other customers really uncomfortable.We were looking forward to a relaxing evening, a good dinner and quiet conversations instead of listen to other people’s personal problems.So I think there is anything the restaurant can do.Why not to follow the example of other restaurants in the city by putting up notice telling people not to talk loudly?‎ 答案：第一句：was→were; while→when 第二句：loudly→loud 第三句：learn→learned; on→in 第四句：minute→minutes 第五句：listen→listening 第六句：anything→something 第七句：去掉第一个to; notice前加a