2020届一轮复习人教版必修四Unit4Bodylanguages单元教案（30页word版） 30页

‎2020届一轮复习人教版必修四Unit 4 Body languages单元教案 Period one Teaching goals 教学目标 ‎1. Target Language目标语言 a. 重点词汇和短语 misunderstand, similar, facial, expression, agreement, yawn, chest, gesture, adult, punish b. 重点句型或交际用语 Act out the following meanings, please.‎ Please guess what I mean.‎ Please show the actions, using body language.‎ Now it is your turn to show the action / gesture.‎ Please use either spoken words or body language to express your ideas.‎ Please use both spoken words and body language to express your ideas.‎ ‎2. Ability goals能力目标 a. Enable the students to understand what a certain gesture of the body language means in a given situation.‎ b. Enable the students to act out some meanings, requirements, requests or situations given in the target language.‎ c. Enable the students to express with the target language the meanings given in body language.‎ ‎3. Learning ability goals 学能目标 a. Help the students learn how to express themselves in body language when needed.‎ b. Help the students understand others when body language is being used.‎ Teaching important points教学重点 a. Teach the students how to understand body language used in different countries or cultures as well as in different occasions.‎ b. Teach the students how to use body language in the most appropriate occasions.‎ Teaching difficult points 教学难点 a. Enable the students to realize the importance of body language in communication so that little or no misunderstanding may occur.‎ b. Let the students know that there is both positive body language and negative body language.‎ Teaching methods教学方法 a. Individual work, pair work and group work.‎ b. Acting out by imitation, mime or with gestures and body movement.‎ Teaching aids教具准备 A computer, a projector and some pictures.‎ Teaching procedures & ways教学过程与方式 Step I Lead-in The teacher shows some pictures on screen. These pictures are from the Evening Party Celebrating the coming Lunar New Year of the Rooster of 2005.‎ ‎ ‎ Ss: Yes, Thousands of Hands Kwan-yin.‎ ‎ ‎ T: But do you know who she is? Yes, she was the leading dancer of the program. Her name is Tai Lihua（邰丽华）. She is called a Fairy of Peach blossom(桃花仙子) by people. You know she is a deaf girl, but she is a wise, diligent, charming and energetic girl. She studied very hard and got two degrees of bachelors in university. She was famous as an artist for her wonderful performance. She is deaf and dumb. But how did she get that great achievement and became a successful person? She loves life very much. We should learn from her spirit. Besides her hard working, body language plays a very important part in her life. We are all healthy people, sometimes we can use body language to express ourselves. So we should pay more attention to learning body languages. ‎ Step II Introduction T: Now let’s do some TPR (Total Physical Response) activities together, ‎ I hope you will enjoy them and have fun as well.‎ Touch your head / face / eyes / nose / mouth / ears / cheeks / forehead / shoulders / stomach / legs / feet / toes ...‎ Shake your head / arm / hand ...‎ Wave your arm / hand ...‎ Open your eyes / arms /mouth ...‎ Close your eyes / mouth ...‎ Twist your wrist / waist.‎ Cross your arms / fingers.‎ Nod your head. Bow your head. ‎ Make a face to each other.‎ Bend / cry / shout / scream / smile / laugh ...‎ T: All right. Now let’s do them a little bit difficult. Let’s play a game together. Those who fail to follow the rule of the game will be dropped out. The game is: “Simon says”. For example, if I say “Simon says, touch your head”, then you touch your head. If not, you shouldn’t touch your head but remain still. Clear? Ready? Now let’s start.‎ ‎3 or 5 minutes for the game.‎ T: Ok. It’s time to take up the lesson. Please look at the screen. Let’s take a look at the following gestures:‎ Gesture Action Meaning ‎ A handshake You are welcome.‎ ‎ A clap of hand Come on; be cheerful.‎ ‎ A V-shape of the fore-finger and middle finger May you succeed!‎ Or congratulations on your success!‎ ‎ A half-closed hand with thumb down I am not in favor of your idea or I’ll have to refuse you.‎ ‎ A wrinkling of the brow in thought or displeasure or a scowl She is worried.‎ ‎ Tears coming out of his eyes. He is very sad.‎ ‎ All smiles on her face She is very happy.‎ ‎ Waving their hands They are waving goodbye to people around.‎ ‎ A hand stretched out forward with strength He is stopping a tank.‎ ‎ People jump with their both hands stretched open in the air. They are cheering for the victory.‎ T: What are the actions of the above gestures? What do they mean?‎ S4: The first gesture is a handshake, which means “You’re welcome”.‎ S5: The second is a handclap, which means “Come on” or “Be cheerful” or something like that.‎ S6: The third one is a V-shaped posture of the first finger and the middle finger, which suggests a wish for the other or others to succeed.‎ S7: The fourth is a half-closed hand with the thumb down. It means the ‎ one who gives this gesture is against the other’s idea or simply refuses the request.‎ S8: The fifth is a worried look of a woman. She wrinkles her brows or frowns. It also seems that she scowls. It shows that she is worried or sad. In other words, she is unhappy.‎ S9: The sixth is a man shedding tears. Tears were running down his cheeks. He is very sad for losing his relatives or sad for his failure.‎ S10: The seventh is a smiling face. It is easy to see that she is very happy.‎ S11: The eighth is a gesture of waving hands. They are waving goodbye to people who are around to see them off.‎ S12: The ninth is a hand stretched out forward with great strength. The boy is trying to stop a tank from entering into his homeland. ‎ S13: The tenth is hands stretched out upward. They are all very cheerful. They are wild with joy; maybe they have just won a game. So we can see that they are cheering for their victory.‎ T: You have all done a good job. So you see that there are many cases or situations in which body language can convey meanings as well as spoken or written languages. If you want to know more about it, let’s come to Unit 4 Body Language.‎ Step Ⅲ Practice T: Look at Page 25. ‎ ‎ ‎ What are these people communicating?‎ Step Ⅳ Time for Fun T: Now let’s play a game in groups of four. One thinks of a situation and asks the others to show some actions using body language. When the one chooses the action that is most likely, it is his or her turn to think of some other situation for the others to show the actions so that the game may go on for a few rounds. Clear? ‎ Ss: Yes. That’s funny!‎ T: Try to make the situations as interesting and enjoyable as you can. And show the situation as lively as possible. Besides, make sure that everyone has a turn.‎ Ss: All right.‎ S1: What are you likely to do if it rains?‎ ‎(Actions) S2: reads a book; ‎ S3: puts on a raincoat; ‎ S4: cleans the house.‎ S1: Ok. I think S3 seems the most likely, so it is his turn.‎ S3: What are you likely to do if the river floods?‎ ‎(Actions) S1: runs away as fast as he can; ‎ S2: helps the younger or elder to escape as soon as possible; ‎ S4: climbs on to a tree.‎ S3: Ok. I think S2 seems the most likely, so it is her turn.‎ S2: What are you likely to do if the house catches fire?‎ ‎(Actions) S1: fetches some water; ‎ S3: tries to put it out with blooms; ‎ S4: runs away as quickly as he can.‎ S2: Ok. I think S4 seems the most likely, so it is his turn.‎ S4: What are you likely to do if you meet with a fierce dog?‎ ‎(Actions) S1: remains where he is and bends down, looking at the dog; ‎ ‎ S3: tries to scare it away with small stones; ‎ ‎ S4: runs away as quickly as possible.‎ S2: Ok. I think S1 seems the most likely, so we all have done a good job.‎ T: Yes. I couldn’t agree with you. Now, one more group.‎ Step V Role Play (Speaking task on P67)‎ T: Now, there’s still a little time left. Let’s come to Speaking Task on Page 67. ‎ Homework ‎1. Team work: Discuss the importance of body language.‎ ‎2. Go over the Reading: ‎ ‎1) Communication: No Problem? ‎ ‎2) Showing our feeling.‎ T: I think you must have known something about these pictures. Yes, they are from a program of CCTV, the Evening Party Celebrating the Spring Festival of 2005, the coming Lunar New Year of the Rooster. I think that was the best program. Do you remember the name of this program?‎ Period two Teaching goals 教学目标 ‎1. Target language目标语言 a. 词汇和短语 major, local, represent, curious, Columbia, introduce, approach, touch, cheek, stranger, spoken, express, action, Jordan, nod, general, avoid, comedy b. 重点句子 Yesterday, another student and I , representing our university’s student association, went to the Capital International Airport to meet this year’ international students.‎ ‎…I saw several young people enter the waiting area looking around curiously.‎ She stepped back appearing surprised and put up her hands, as if in defence.‎ ‎2. Ability goals能力目标 a. Enable the students to realize the importance of body language.‎ What is the purpose of language?‎ What is the purpose of body language?‎ How can you tell if someone is sad even if they do not speak?‎ How can you communicate a feeling to someone who does not speak your language?‎ b. Enable the students to understand the text.‎ Where are the visitors from?‎ How do Mr. Garcia from Columbia and Julia Smith from Britain response when they are introduced to each other?‎ What do Mr. Cook and the Japanese visitor do as they are introduced?‎ How can people express themselves besides their spoken language?‎ Do all cultures greet each other the same way?‎ Do English people and other Europeans act the same when they first meet?‎ Is a handshake very common in Japan?‎ Is a kiss often used in France when people meet?‎ Why are there different kinds of body language?‎ c. Enable the students to retell the text in their own words.‎ ‎3. Learning ability goals 学能目标 Help the students learn how to explain the common idea—“different ‎ cultures, different body languages” with the target language in this unit.‎ Teaching important points 教学重点 ‎ How does body language differ among people from different cultures?‎ Teaching difficult points 教学难点 The understanding of the poorly-written reading text, especially the relationship awkwardly built up between “you” and the other people in the text, who are met by the awkward arrangement of the compilers of the textbook.‎ Teaching methods 教学方法 Skimming method, task-based method, role-play method.‎ Teaching aids 教具准备 A recorder, a projector and a computer.‎ Teaching procedures & ways教学过程与方式 StepⅠ Revision Free talk about the topic: the Importance of Body Language. While the student on duty gives the presentation, the teacher can simultaneously approve his or her performance by using the body language learned or familiar to the students such as nodding the head, stretching out the hand with thumb up, shrugging the shoulders, etc.‎ Step Ⅱ Pre-reading T: Our text is about a special means of communication—Body Language. ‎ Now please look at the screen. And discuss these questions with your partner first. And then some of you will be asked to report your work. Are you clear?‎ Ss: Yes, sir/madam.‎ ‎1. What is the purpose of language?‎ ‎2. How can you tell if someone is sad even if they do not speak?‎ ‎3. What would you do if you need the other’s help urgently while you two speak different languages?‎ ‎4. Give an example of how you can communicate a feeling to someone who does not speak your language.‎ After a few minutes.‎ T: Now who’d like to answer the first question? Volunteer! S1: Let me try. The purpose of language, of course, is to be used as a tool of communication. That is, to exchange with others ideas, feelings, information, and so on.‎ T: Perfect! Body language is used anytime and anywhere to convey people’s ideas, feelings, information, and so on and so forth. Next question?‎ S2: Even if they don’t speak, I can tell if they are sad by looking at their facial expressions. I’m a good mind-reader. (Smiling)‎ S3: Yes, that is quite easy. Just by watching their frowned brows, their ‎ long faces, we know that they are unhappy.‎ T: Very good. We have got two “mind readers” in our class; I’m sure there are more than two! Now who’d like to give the answer to the third question?‎ S4: Let me try, Sir / Madam. I’ll try to use body language to tell the other what I need urgently. I’ll do it by miming, by any proper posture, or gestures, even by drawing pictures.‎ T: You are smart! Now who’d like to do the last one. It is more challenging, right?‎ S5: I’d like to have a try, sir. Last summer I went on a study tour in the States. When I was on the way to Los Angeles on the flight of the United Airlines, we stopped at Tokyo / Narita Airport in Japan for 3 hours. So I went into the shop at the airport, for I wanted to buy a digital camera. Of course I knew no Japanese, so I spoke to her in Chinese first and then in English. It seemed that she was at a loss when I spoke to her. Then I decided to try it in body language. I just pointed to the camera that I like most-Sony Cyber-shot DSC-P100. The salesgirl spoke to me in Japanese this time but I couldn’t understand a word of it. So I shook my head and kept pointing at the camera. Finally I reached her understanding and she took out the camera I wanted to buy. I examined it for a little while and asked her the price of it by drawing a big “?” in the air with my forefinger. She took out her calculator and put ‎ in the price. The price was reasonable and I decided to take it. I paid for it and the salesgirl bowed to me again and again.‎ T: Wonderful! Thank you for telling us so interesting a true story and giving us so good an example of body language.‎ Step Ⅲ While-reading ‎1. Scanning ‎ While reading, please try to divide the whole passage into several parts and find out the main idea.‎ Part 1 Para 1 ‎ ‎ You are sent to Capital International Airport to meet this year’s international students.‎ Part 2 (para. 2 and 3 )‎ Examples of learned or cultural “body language”.‎ Part 3. (para. 4 ) ‎ ‎ Different peoples have different body languages.‎ Part 4. (para. 5) ‎ Summary of body language.‎ Read the text carefully, then decide if the following statements are true (T) or false (F). ‎ ‎• Englishmen often stand close to others or touch strangers as soon as they meet. ‎ ‎• Most people around the world now greet each other by kissing .‎ ‎• Japanese will bow to others as greeting.‎ ‎• People from Jordan will move very close to you as you introduce yourself to them.‎ ‎• Some body languages in some countries are good while some countries’ body language are bad.‎ Step IV Post reading ‎1. Is the author of this passage male or female? How do you know ?‎ ‎ The author is male. Ahmed Aziz will not shake hands with women, but he shakes hands with the author.‎ ‎2.What were the two mistakes that the author noticed? ‎ ‎ He noticed that the Colombian man kissed the British woman, but in her culture, a kiss from a stranger is not acceptable. He also noticed that the Japanese man bowed just as the Canadian man started to shake hands, so one man’s nose touched the other man’s hand. ‎ ‎3. Who seemed to prefer to keep more physical distance from others? Who seemed to prefer closer physical distance ?‎ ‎ The British woman, Julia, and probably the Canadian man, George, seemed to prefer to keep more physical distance from others. The Colombian man, Tony, and the Jordanian man, Ahmed, seemed to prefer closer physical distance . ‎ ‎4. Did any students have similar greeting customs? If so, which ones?‎ ‎ Yes. Tony from Colombia and Darlene from France had a similar greeting custom-a kiss. George from Canada and Ahmed from Jordan also had a similar greeting custom-a handshake, but Ahmed shakes hands only with men.‎ ‎5. “ When in Rome, do as the Romans do.” What do you think this famous saying means?‎ ‎ This saying means that when we are in a certain place, we should follow the customs of the people who live in that place, not our own customs.‎ ‎6. Do you agree with the author’s statement that body language is not good or bad? Why or why not?‎ ‎ Students will give their own answers.‎ Step Ⅴ Homework ‎1. Get ready to retell the text in your own words.‎ Period three Teaching goals 教学目标 ‎1. Target language目标语言 a. 词汇和短语 unspoken, facial, function, at ease, lose face, turn one’s back to, fist, subjective b. 重点句子 Body language is one of the most powerful means of communication, often even more powerful than spoken language.‎ ‎2. Ability goals能力目标 a. Enable the students to know more about body language.‎ What is the function of body language?‎ What is the similarity of body language?‎ How can you understand the universal facial expression “smile”? Does “a smile” always mean the same thing?‎ What is the difference of body language between various cultures?‎ b. Enable the students to understand better body language.‎ What is the proper attitude towards body language?‎ What would happen if we knew nothing about body language?‎ ‎3. Learning ability goals 学能目标 How we can “show our feelings” with the body language learned in this unit or gained in our social life.‎ Teaching important points 教学重点 ‎ How body language shows the same or different feelings among people from different cultures.‎ Teaching difficult points 教学难点 How to tell that the same body language shows different feelings in different cultures.‎ Teaching methods 教学方法 Fast reading: dealing with the “true” or “false” questions.‎ Discussion: the importance of body language.‎ Teaching aids 教具准备 A recorder, a projector and a computer.‎ Teaching procedures & ways教学过程与方式 ‎1 Pre-reading ‎1. What is the function of body language?‎ ‎2. How do you find body language in our daily life?‎ ‎3. How can the same body language express different feelings or ideas in different cultures?‎ ‎4. How can different body language express the same feeling or idea in different cultures?‎ ‎2 Fast reading TURE OF FALSE ‎1. Body language is never as powerful as spoken language. ‎ ‎2. If you are angry at a person, you might turn your back to him or her.‎ ‎3. You can threaten a person by refusing to speak.‎ ‎4. You should not greet your new boss by giving her or him a hug.‎ ‎5. Body language is the same all over the world.‎ ‎6. Most people can understand each other if they try.‎ Then ask the students to do it one by one and ask them to explain why some of the statements are wrong.‎ ‎3 Further reading T: We have just read a passage entitled “Showing Our Feelings”, which tells us more about body language. Now let’s read another passage in the Workbook on P66. The title of the reading text is: The Open Hand - A Universal Sign. You will be given 3 minutes to read through the text as quickly as you can, trying to get as much information from the text as possible. ‎ Ss: Yes, Sir.‎ T: What information have you got?‎ S1: More about body language, sir. We have learned how people are communicating or getting along with each other besides using spoken language. We are also asked to think about some new situations in which we will communicate in body language.‎ S2: And we have to think about the following questions: It is known that a smile is a sign that people feel friendly and happy. But we have to consider: 1. What if we don’t know who the new person is? 2. What if we are not introduced by a friend? 3. What if we are meeting a stranger in an unfamiliar place?‎ S3: And the most important of all is that we have to make sure whether we can trust people we do not know, and we have to show that we are not dangerous.‎ S4: Quite true. We have different ways to show our hands —our open hands, which means that we are not armed and we are friendly.‎ S5: In many cultures today, the Western custom of the handshake is used. Besides this, traditionally, Chinese greet others by covering the left hand with the right hand and bowing; the Japanese cover on hand with the other and bow slightly or quite low, depending on whom they greeted; Hindu people join their hands in front of their faces and bow their heads; Muslims will touch their heart, mouth and forehead to show respect.‎ S6: Now young people in the West give each other the “high five” when they clap each other’s hands in the air.‎ S7: You have taken the words out of my mouth. And I believe that in almost all cultures, to smile and show an open right hand is the most common way to show the goodwill greeting.‎ T: I am more than happy to hear you can get so much information from the passage when you do the reading! Now let’s act out some of the gestures in the reading material, OK?‎ Some students are asked to act out the body language which appears in the reading text is: The Open Hand - A Universal Sign, such as a handshake, the traditional greetings in China, the Japanese way to greet ‎ people, the ways Hindu people and Muslims use to greet people, and the way young people in the West use now.‎ Several minutes later.‎ T: Before we come to the end of this period, let’s take up the last item, doing the arrangement of the information under the passage on Page 67.‎ S8: It can be dangerous to meet people you do not know.‎ S9: Many Asian people do not usually physically touch strangers.‎ S10: If we show an open hand, it means that we are not holding anything dangerous.‎ S11: The right hand is usually used because it is almost the stronger.‎ S12: People shake their hands when meeting to show that they can be trusted.‎ S13: To show respect, people will touch their heart and mouth when greeting someone.‎ Homework ‎1. Read aloud all the reading texts in this unit.‎ ‎2. Get ready to retell the two reading passages learnt in this period.‎ Period four ‎ Structure Study ‎ 一: V-ing 形式由 “do＋ing” 构成, 其否定形式是 “not doing”, V-ing 可以带宾语或状语构成 V-ing 短语, 没有人称和数的变化, 但有时态和语态的变化。‎ ‎ V-ing 形式在句中作定语和状语是本单元的学习重点。‎ ‎1. 作定语 ‎ ‎ V-ing 形式可以单独充当名词的前置修饰语, 这时有两种情况。‎ ‎1) -ing形式表示 “供作......之用”的意思, 这类作定语的-ing形式过去叫动名词。‎ ‎ A swimming pool ‎ = a pool for swimming ‎2) -ing形式表示 “......的” 意思, 过去叫现在分词 ‎ A sleeping child ‎ ‎ working people ‎ ‎ the rising sun ‎ -ing形式短语作定语时一般放在它所修饰的名词之后, 相当于一个定语从句。如:‎ ‎ They are visitors coming from several countries. ‎ ‎ The boy standing there is a classmate of mine.‎ ‎2. 作状语 ‎ 可以表示时间, 原因, 结果,条件, 行为方式或伴随动作等。‎ Attention Please ‎ ‎ -ing形式作状语时, 它的逻辑主语必须与主句的主语是一致的。‎ Time permitting, I will pay a visit to the whole city. ‎ ‎　(分词的逻辑主语是time , 而句子的主语是I , 两者不构成主谓关系, 所以只能用独立主格结构, 也就是给现在分词补充一个主语。)‎ Homework Do “Using Structures” on Page 64.‎ 文化背景知识 ‎1. Some more information about Body Language:‎ to nod consent 点头表示同意，‎ to nod one’s farewell 点头表示告别，‎ to nod as a sign of agreement or as a familiar greeting 点头表示赞同或打招呼，‎ to hold one’s head high 昂首挺胸(表示趾高气扬)，‎ to shake one’s fist 挥动拳头(表示威胁)，‎ to shake one’s head 摇头(表示不知道)，to show a V sign 由食指和中指构成字母“V”，而“V”是victory的第一个字母。因此，这一手势是祝愿胜利或庆祝胜利之意。‎ to wink at a person 向某人眨眼睛，‎ to make a face 面部露出厌恶的表情，‎ to shrug one’s shoulders 耸耸肩膀 (表示冷淡或怀疑)，‎ to keep (or have) one’s fingers crossed 把中指叠在食指上交叉着，作十字状。这是暗中希望上帝保佑自己正在做的事成功。‎ to crook a finger 朝某人弯曲食指。是招人过来的意思。‎ 更有趣的是英美人用大拇指 (thumb) 做出许多不同的表示。‎ to thumb one’s nose 以大拇指按鼻，其余四指张开，表示轻视。在英美等国家，你会看到这种手势经常用在调皮的孩子们中间。他们用大拇指点着自己的鼻子，而其他四指张开不停地摇动，表示轻蔑或嘲弄。也可以说“to cock a snook at somebody”.‎ to twiddle one’s thumbs 无聊地绕动着两个大拇指，表示无所事事，懒散。‎ thumbs down 大拇指朝下，表示反对或拒绝。‎ thumbs up 翘起大拇指，表示赞成或夸奖。‎ 但值得一提的是在英美等西方国家，有时会看到有人站在马路边，朝驶过来的车辆伸出一只翘起大拇指的拳头。这是请求搭便车的意思。所以搭车也可以说“to thumb a lift”。‎ ‎2. Introduction of a book about body language of horses:‎ ‎ Horses communicate with remarkable accuracy in a language of posture, gesture and sound. They express their needs, wishes and emotions to each other and to the rare human being who understands them. After reading this unprecedented (空前的), exciting and up-lifting book, you will understand the equine (horse’s) language. You therefore will know how to recognize:‎ ‎ A happy horse. A frightened horse. An angry horse. A bored horse. A grieving (令人忧伤的) horse. A frustrated (受挫折的) horse. A horse in pain. A playful horse. A proud horse. An eagerly competitive horse. And many horses more! ‎ ‎ Moreover, you will know how to reassure the frightened, calm the angry, comfort the grieving, divert (使解闷)the bored-and deal with most other human-equine difficulties. You will know how to educate a foal (驹) or rehabilitate (挽救) a rogue (无赖). You will know how to look at race horses on their way to the starting gate and tell the likely winners from the losers.‎ ‎ You even will know how to buy a horse.‎ ‎ But best of all, you will finally understand what these grand animals are all about, and you will know better than ever before how they (and we) fit into nature’s scheme (plan)of things.‎ ‎3. An extra reading passage about Body language:‎ ‎ When we communicate with other people it is not only our words that contain the meaning. An important part of that meaning comes from what is called “non-verbal (非言辞的) communication”. By this we mean facial expression; gestures with hands, arms, legs; the way we sit or stand; the way we touch other people; the distance we keep between ourselves and the people we are talking to; our dress and our appearance. All these say something to other people.‎ ‎ Facial expressions and gestures are used by everyone often spontaneously (自发地), even unconsciously. Smiling, for example, is found in most cultures as a sign of happiness or pleasure. Gestures such as pointing, waving, shaking or nodding the head are also widely used, although the gestures themselves do not always mean the same in every culture. I once asked a Portuguese student why bank officials in Lisbon seemed so dour (gloomy)-sorry Lisbon bank clerks, but it’s true-and he told me that if they smiled too much they would not seem serious about their work.‎ ‎ Because many non-verbal messages are “culture specific (special, distinctive, or unique)”, they can cause a lot of misunderstanding between people from different backgrounds. Northern Europeans and Americans, for example, like to keep a certain “personal space” between themselves and others and feel uncomfortable if people come too close to them. In these same cultures it is considered impolite to stare, but Greeks, it is said, feel ignored if people do not stare at them in public. Europeans usually change their facial expression to show happiness, anger, boredom, and sadness.‎ ‎4. Some information about the countries maybe less known to students in the Text:‎ ‎① Columbia: ‎ ‎ Colombia is located in the northwest part of South America, and is ‎ the only country on South America with coasts on both the Caribbean Sea and the Pacific Ocean. The most distinguishing feature (显著的特点)of the country is the Andes Mountains chain, which is in the central western part of the country and extends almost its entire length, north and south.‎ ‎ In contrast to snow-capped mountains are the rain forests, located in the torrid (热带的) lowlands of Colombia, where the animal life and vegetation make it a unique place in the world. The country is rich in minerals and natural resources, and although known for its splendid coffee, it is also a major source of the world’s emeralds (绿宝石) and flowers. Mahogany (桃花心木), oak, walnut, and pine trees are also plentiful, as are plants such as rubber, vanilla (香草), and ginger. Agriculture is an important part of the Colombian economy.‎ ‎ Colombia has a diverse population, although over half are of Spanish descent (血统). The heritage of the Spanish colonial period is still very well preserved in many areas, where family life and dress still hold to traditional norms. However, cultures vary greatly from region to region, each adding to the country’s variety.‎ ‎ One of the world’s most noted authors, Literature Nobel Prize winner, Gabriel Garcia Marquez, is a native of Colombia.‎ ‎ The largest cities in Colombia are Santafe de Bogota (the capital city), Cali, Medellin, and Barranquilla.‎ ‎② Jordan:‎ ‎ Jordan, officially Hashemite (哈桑王族) Kingdom of Jordan, with an area of 37,737 sq ms (97,740 sq kms) and a population of 4,101,000 (estimated in 1995), is located in the southwest Asia, bordered by Israel (W), Syria (N), Iraq (NE), and Saudi Arabia (E, S). Amman is the capital and largest city.‎ ‎ Before 1967 Jordan fell into three main geographical regions: East Jordan, which includes about 92% of the country’s land area, the Jordanian Highlands (highest point, 5,755 ft/1,754 m), and West Jordan (the West Bank, part of historic Palestine. In the Arab-Israeli War of 1967, Israel captured and occupied the West Bank, and Jordan has since given up its claim to the area). ‎ ‎ Jordan’s economy has traditionally been based on agriculture, although less than 5% of the land is arable (适于耕种的). The principal crops are vegetables, wheat, and citrus (柑橘类) fruits; olives are grown for oil. Manufactures are limited to such items as foodstuffs, clothing, and cement, and there is some oil refining. Phosphate (磷酸盐) rock and potash (碳酸钾) are the only minerals produced in quantity. ‎ ‎ The annual cost of Jordan’s imports far exceeds its earnings from exports. Aqaba (亚喀巴), on the Gulf of Aqaba, is the only seaport. The inhabitants of Jordan are mostly of Arab descent (over half are of Palestinian descent), and Arabic is the official language, although English is also spoken among the higher socio-economic groups. About 95% of ‎ the people are Sunni (逊尼派) Muslims.‎ ‎ Under the 1952 constitution (宪法), the king is the most powerful figure in the country; he appoints a cabinet (headed by a prime minister). The bicameral (两院制的) parliament has been convened and dissolved by the king several times since 1974; the 1989 elections were the first in 22 years. Political parties were again permitted to field candidates in 1993.‎ ‎③ Muslim countries:‎ ‎ Most people in the West think of Muslim or Moslem countries, where people believe in Islam, a monotheistic (一神论的) religion characterized by the acceptance of the doctrine of submission to God and Mohammed (穆罕默德) as the chief and last prophet (先知)of God, as a Middle Eastern religion. Nevertheless, Islam is clearly a South Asian, South East Asian, Central Asian, African, and Middle Eastern religion, with a growing presence in Europe and North America.‎ ‎ There are about 40 Muslim countries in the world, such as Afghanistan, Pakistan, Turkey, Kuwait, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Indonesia, Libya, Malaysia, Morocco, Nigeria, Somalia, Yemen and so on and so forth. People in these countries mostly believe in Islam.‎ ‎ The name for the religion of Islam, as its publicity (宣传) goes, is much more than just a name, because it expresses a deep spiritual meaning as well as an overall outlook on life and concept of worship. The ‎ word “Islam” is an Arabic word which means “complete submission(服从) to the will of Almighty God”. Other religions are named after their founders, such as Christianity and Buddhism; after a tribe or ethnic group, such as Judaism (犹太教); or after a specific geographical region, such as Hinduism (印度教). Islam, however, is unique because its name represents its outlook on life and reflects its universal nature. Besides, the name “Islam” was not thought up by its followers or applied by other people, as is the case with the names of other religions, but was revealed (显示) by Almighty God. This name expressed nothing new, because submission to the will of God, i.e. “Islam”, has always been the true religion of God. Due to this fact, and since the teachings of Islam are straightforward, profound and logical, Islam is the “Natural Religion” of all human beings. The name of no other religion carries any significant message, or conveys the true sense of its outlook on life, as does the name “Islam”.‎