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UNIT 4 SPACE EXPLORATION
Section C Discovering Useful Structures
核心词汇
词汇一
first of all
首选;第一;最重要;首先
◆教材原句
First of all
,
you must be intelligent enough to get a related college degree.
首先,你必须足够聪明来得到一个相关的大学文凭。
◆学法点拨
first of all
一是用来列举事物,二是突出重要性
◆要点必记
come first
首先;第一;首先要考虑的
first and foremost
首先;首要的是
first and last
从各方面看;完全
first up
第一;首先
from the
(
very
)
first
从一开始
from first to last
从头至尾;自始至终
at first
起初;起先
题组练
·
领悟方法
单句写作
(
1
)
( 首先),
you should improve your spoken English.
(
2
)
As a student
,
(最重要的),
should be honest.
(
3
)
(首要的是),
you must tell me the truth.
(
4
)
My son was very strong and didn’t turn to me for help
(从头至尾)
.
(
5
)
My parents didn’t understand what I meant
(起初)
. After knowing it
,
they both supported me.
First of all
first of all
First and foremost
from first to last
at first
词汇二
recycle
vt.
回收利用;再利用
◆教材原句
In space
,
astronauts collect all dirty water so as to
recycle it for later use.
在太空中, 宇航员收集所有的污水,以便回收利用。
◆要点必记
recycle the waste material
回收废物
recycle paper/glass
回收纸
/
玻璃
recycled materials
回收的材
recycling
n.
回收利用
◆词语积累
re-
可以作动词前缀,表示“又,再,重新”
cycle n.
循环;周期→
recycle v.
回收利 用;再利用
place v.
放;置→
replace vt.
取代;放回
move v.
移动→
remove vt.
移开;挪走
use vt.
使用→
reuse vt.
再利用
build v.
建;建造→
rebuild v.
重建
单句语法填空
(
1
)
Making lovely objects using
(
recycle
)
and made material.
(
2
)
The garbage is then taken away and
,
if possible
,
(
recycle
)
.
单句写作
(
3
)
Paper bags
(很容易被循环利用)
but require more energy to produce and transport.
单句翻译
(
4
) 始终正确地处理你的垃圾,并在可能的情况下回收废物。
______________________________________________________________________
recycled
recycled
are easily recycled
Always get rid of your rubbish properly and recycle waste where possible.
词汇三
lack
(
1
)
n.
缺乏;短缺 (
2
)
vt
.
没有;缺乏
◆教材原句
Astronauts’ bones and muscles can get very weak in space due to the
lack of gravity
,
so they need to exercise every day
,
which will help them stay healthy.
由于缺乏重力,宇航员们的骨头和肌肉很容易变得虚弱, 所以他们需要每天锻炼来保持健康。
◆要点必记
the lack of...
缺乏
…… lack sth.
缺乏
…… a lack of
缺少
for/because of/through
(
a
)
lack of
因为缺乏
…… be lacking in
缺乏
……
◆误区警示
· lack
作动词时,是及物动词,其后直接接宾语。
·lack
作名词时,其后接介词
of
。
单句语法填空
(
1
)
The headmaster said that
lack of money was a great challenge.
(
2
)
Though
(
lack
)
money
,
they managed to send their son to university.
(
3
)
My father looks quite tired _____________lack of sleep.
单句写作
(
4
)
Health problems are closely connected with bad eating habits and _______________
(缺乏锻炼)
.
(
5
)
Although Peter
(缺乏经验),
the manager asked him to take charge of the project.
a
lacking
for/through
a lack of exercise
lacked
experience
词汇四
otherwise
adv.
否则;要不然
◆教材原句
...everything would float off
otherwise.
……
否则所有东西都会飘走。
◆要点必记
(
1
)通常用于“祈使句+
otherwise
+陈述句”的句型,意为“否则”,相当于
or
。
(
2
)
otherwise
作句子副词时,还常用于引
起含蓄型虚拟语气句,表示如果某事没有发生,就会发生另一件事,该句谓语部分多用“
would/could+have done”
。
Study hard next term
,
otherwise you will fall behind others.
下学期努力学习,否则你会落后于其他人的。
Bob helped me. Otherwise
,
I wouldn’t have finished the task on time.
鲍勃帮助了我。否则我不可能按时完成任务的。
单句语法填空
(
1
)
Do some exercises as a preparation before you swim. ___________
,
you might hurt yourself.
(
2
)
He must have completed his work ___________
,
he wouldn’t be enjoying himself by the seaside.
(
3
)
We lost our way in that small village. Otherwise we _________________________
(
visit
)
more places of interest yesterday.
单句写作
(
4
)
Thanks for your directions to the house
;
we wouldn’t have found it ___________
(否则)
.
(
5
)
They got two free tickets to the opening ceremony of the Olympics
;
___________
(否则)
they’d never have been able to afford to go.
Otherwise
otherwise
would/could have visited
otherwise
otherwise
词汇五
under control
在
……
的控制下
◆教材原句
During a spacewalk
,
astronauts have to move slowly so that they can keep their bodies
under control.
在太空行走中,宇航员不得不慢慢地移动以便他们能控制自己的身体。
◆要点必记
out of/beyond control
失去控制
in control of
掌管;控制
in/under the control of
在
……
的控制下
take/gain/get control of
控制
lose control of
失去控制
get/bring sth. under control
控制某事
/
某物
◆归纳拓展
“under+
抽象名词”结构:
under discussion
在讨论中
under guarantee
在保质期内
under construction
在建设中
under repair
在修理中
under consideration
在考虑中
under examination
在检查中
under attack
遭受攻击
单句写作
(
1
)
Even though the fire is
(得到了控制),
it is still burning.
(
2
)[
2019·
湖南长沙长郡中学高一期中]
This helps the IOC keep the Olympics’ budget
(得到了控制)
.
(
3
)[
2019·
江苏南菁高级中学高一第一次段考]
To my disappointment
,
his behavior is somewhat
(失去控制)
.
under control
under control
out of/beyond control
同义句转换
(
4
)
At this moment
,
the problem is being discussed.
→ At this moment
,
the problem is
.
(
5
)
The high-speed railway is being built and will be completed at the end of 2019.
→ The high-speed railway is
and will be completed at the end of 2019.
(
6
)
My car is being repaired. Could you give me a lift?
→ My car is
. Could you give me a lift?
under discussion
under construction
under repair
词汇六
beyond
prep.
在更远处;超出
◆教材原句
Sending people to other planets or even
beyond the solar system is not an easy goal
to be achieved.
将人类送往其他行星甚至太阳系之外并不是一个容易实现的目标。
◆要点必记
beyond control
失去控制
beyond the reach of
鞭长莫及
beyond repair
无法修理
beyond one’s power
超出某人的权力
beyond doubt
无疑地;确实
beyond belief
难以置信
beyond recognition
认不出来
beyond description
难以描述
beyond measure
难以衡量
beyond sb.
对于某人来说难以理解;对某人来说很难处理
单句写作
(
1
)
Your shoes are worn and they are
(无法修理)
.
(
2
)
Martin lives in New York
,
__________________
(鞭长莫及)
his parents.
(
3
)
Lang Ping is
(无疑)
an excellent coach in volleyball.
单句翻译
(
4
) 这个问题他难以理解,所以他向我求助。
______________________________________________________
(
5
) 罗伯特改变得太大了,以至于他没被认出来。
______________________________________________________
beyond repair
beyond the reach of
beyond doubt
The question was beyond him
,
so he asked me for help.
Robert changed so much that he was beyond recognition.
词汇七
current
(
1
)
adj.
当前的;现在的;通用的;流通的
(
2
)
n.
水流;电流;思潮
◆教材原句
For example
,
using
current technology
,
it would take over two years to get to the closest planet
,
Mars
,
and back.
例如,使用目前的技术,需要两年多的时间才能到达最近的行星
——
火星,然后再回来。
◆要点必记
the current technology
目前的技术
the current situation
当前的形势
current money
流通货币
current/the latest events
当前事件
/
最新事件
current affairs
时事
electric current
电流
◆词语积累
currently
adv.
当前;现时
currency
n.
通货;货币;支付手段
写出句中
current
的词性及含义
(
1
)
The
current
situation in the world is a little tense. ______________________
(
2
)
Strong
currents
and winds swept their boat out to sea. _______________
单句语法填空
(
3
)
The
(
currency
)
situation in that African country is very tense
,
so you’d better not go there.
(
4
)
Zhu Ting
,
one of the most excellent players in China
,
(
current
)
plays for Tianjin Bohai Bank.
单句翻译
(
5
) 你能谈谈沙漠的现状吗?
_____________________________________________________________
adj.
目前的;现在的
n.
水流
current
currently
Can you say something about the current conditions in the desert?
词汇八
figure out
弄懂;弄清楚;弄明白;计算出
◆教材原句
Will scientists
figure out a way to store sufficient food and water for the long journey?
科学家们会想出一种方法来为长途旅行储存足够的食物和水吗?
◆要点必记
figure in
把
……
列入计算
figure that...
认为
……
◆学法点拨
figure out
后面可接名词、代词作宾语,也可接“疑问词
+
动词不定式”或宾语从句。
◆归纳拓展
break out
(战争、灾难等)爆发;发生
bring out
使显示;出版;生产
give out
分发;公布;用完;耗尽
come out
出现;出版;结果是
make out
勉强看见、听出;理解;弄清楚
look out/watch out
当心;留神
turn out
制造;生产;原来是;结果是
work out
算出;想出;制定出;锻炼;解决
写出句中
figure out
的含义
(
1
)
Please help me to
figure out
my income tax. ___________
(
2
)
I’m busy now. You should
figure out
a way to solve the problem. ___________
(
3
)
I can’t
figure out
why he gave up the well-paid job. ____________
单句语法填空
(
4
)
I couldn’t figure
what made our boss so angry at the meeting.
(
5
)
We need to study and figure out how _____________
(
promote
)
our products.
计算出
弄明白
弄清楚
out
to promote
用含
out
的有关短语填空
(
6
)
When the Second World War
,
my grandfather was at university.
(
7
)
When we climbed to the top of Mount Tai
,
my legs
.
(
8
)
The book has been translated into more than 30 languages since it
in 1945.
(
9
)
It was so foggy that the driver could hardly
the way ahead.
(
10
)
To keep fit
,
the famous actress spends about two hours ______________every day.
(
11
)
He said he was a general
;
but later he _____________
to be a cheat.
(
12
)
While crossing the street
,
you must __________________for the cars.
broke out
gave out
came out
make out
working out
turned out
look out/watch out
词汇九
sufficient
adj.
足够的;充足的
◆要点必记
sufficient water
充足的水
sufficient materials
充足的材料
sufficient time
充足的时间
sufficient resources
充足的资源
sufficient information
充足的信息
be sufficient for
对
……
来说是足够的
be sufficient to do sth.
足够做某事
◆词语积累
sufficiency
n.
足够;充分
sufficiently
adv.
足够地;充分地
单句语法填空
(
1
)
The water in this pond is not sufficient
watering wheat.
(
2
)
Mary _____________
(
sufficient
)
used the chance to learn about Chinese culture when she was in Beijing.
单句写作
(
3
)
There is
(足够的证据证明)
that he wasn’t connected with the incident.
(
4
)
If I have
(足够的时间),
I will pay a visit to the Forbidden City.
for
sufficiently
sufficient evidence to prove
sufficient time
词汇十
keen
adj.
热衷的;渴望的
◆要点必记
dead keen
非常喜欢
be keen to do sth.
渴望做某事
be keen on
(
doing
)
sth.
热衷于(做)某事
take a keen interest in
对
……
有兴趣
a keen eye for sth.
对某事物有敏锐的眼光
a keen mind/brain
灵敏
/
敏锐的头脑
◆词语积累
keenly
adv.
强烈地;(观察)敏锐地
keenness
n.
渴望;热衷
单句语法填空
(
1
)
There was a time when my daughter was keen
pop music.
(
2
)
The young player is keen
(
win
)
a gold medal in the Olympic Games.
(
3
)
My father has always been
(
keen
)
interested in politics.
单句写作
(
4
)
When Jackson was a kid
,
he ___________________
(非常热衷于)
drawing.
on
to win
keenly
took a keen interest in
重点句式
句式一
It takes sb. some time to do sth.
花费某人一些时间做某事。
◆教材原句
For example
,
using the current technology
,
it would take over two years to get to the closest planet
,
Mars
,
and back.
例如,使用目前的技术,需要两年多的时间才能到达最近的行星
——
火星,然后再回来。
◆句式分析
本句是一个简单句。句中的
using...
是现在分词短语作状语。句型
It takes sb. some time to do sth.
表示“花费某人一些时间做某事”。句中的
it
是形式主语,真正的主语是后面的不定式短语。
◆归纳拓展
spend time/money on sth.
在
……
上花费时间
/
金钱
spend time
(
in
)
doing sth.
花费时间做某事
spend money
(
on
)
doing sth.
花费金钱做某事
单句语法填空
(
1
)
It will take nearly 20 years
(
bring
)
the fish’s population back to strong levels.
(
2
)
It took the workers less than nine years _______________
(
complete
)
the world’s longest sea bridge.
(
3
)
Jane Goodall spent more than fifty years
(
study
)
the chimps.
句型转换
(
4
)
The clever boy spent only five minutes working out the difficult question.
the clever boy only five minutes
the difficult question.
to bring
to complete
studying
It took
to work out
单元语法
不定式作状语和定语
要点一 不定式作目的状语
◆用法归纳
不定式作目的状语,既可位于句首,也可位于句中。
◆词语辨析
in order to
与
so as to
· in order to
引出的不定式可置于句首或句中。
· so as to
引出的不定式只能置于句中而不能置于句首。
单句语法填空
(
1
)
(
find
)
out more information about the course
,
please visit the website.
(
2
)
We will do whatever we can
(
help
)
the victims of the earthquake.
(
3
)
(
reduce
)
air pollution
,
the local government has taken strict measures.
To find
to help
To reduce
要点二 不定式作结果状语
◆用法归纳
(
1
)动词不定式作结果状语时,常用于一 些固定搭配中:
so...as to do sth.
;
such...as to do sth.
;
...enough to do sth.
;
too...to do sth.
。
注意:
当
too
后跟表示情感的形容词,如
ready
,
pleased
,
happy
等时,
too...to
这一结构不含否定意义,而是“太
……”
。
too
前还可用
only
。
(
2
)动词不定式作结果状语时,常与
only
,
never
连用,强调结果和失望的情绪。
单句语法填空
(
1
)
They hurried to the station
,
only
(
find
)
that the train had left.
(
2
)
We came to the library after school
,
only
(
tell
)
that it was being decorated.
(
3
)
The animals before the earthquake were too nervous
(
eat
)
.
(
4
)
She was too young ___________
(
understand
)
all that.
(
5
)
We are only too pleased
(
work
)
together with you.
to find
to be told
to eat
to understand
to work
(
6
)
He is too ready
(
help
)
the homeless.
(
7
)
We found the stadium big enough
(
hold
)
so many people.
(
8
)
I hope there are enough books for each student
(
have
)
one.
(
9
)
Henry was so careless as
(
make
)
some spelling mistakes.
(
10
)
Would you be so kind
(
close
)
the door for me
?
to help
to hold
to have
to make
to close
要点三 不定式作原因状语
◆用法归纳
不定式作原因状语主要用在形容词或过去分词后面,表示产生这种情绪的原因。有这样用法的形容词有:
able
,
unable
,
willing
,
unwilling
,
eager
,
anxious
,
proud
,
happy
,
lucky
,
fortunate
,
angry
,
content
,
sorry
,
ready
,
glad
,
clever
,
quick
,
slow
,
foolish
,
considerate
,
ashamed
,
surprised
,
frightened
,
shocked
,
delighted
,
disappointed
等。
单句语法填空
(
1
)
They are proud _____________
(
realize
)
their dreams.
(
2
)
Her friends were very surprised
(
hear
)
that they had broken up.
(
3
)
Mary was glad
(
see
)
his father working in the garden.
(
4
)
I am sorry
(
hear
)
that you should have given up the good chance.
(
5
)
Sandefur was shocked
(
find
)
out she had won a MacArthur Fellowship.
(
6
)
You are foolish ____________
(
leave
)
your new bike outside without locking it.
(
7
)
The European country is willing _____________
(
cooperate
)
with China on its Belt and Road Initiative
,
known as the BRI.
to realized
to hear
to see
to hear
to find
to have left
to cooperate
要点四 不定式的主动形式表被动意义
◆用法归纳
当句子中有形容词
easy
,
difficult
,
light
,
heavy
,
comfort
,
pleasant
,
hard
,
dangerous
,
fit
,
unfit
,
interesting
,
important
,
necessary
等时,用不定式的主动形式表达被动 意义。
To turn to the left, you can find a cinema.
=If you turn to the left, you can find a cinema.
若向左拐,你能发现一个电影院。
单句语法填空
(
1
)
Our monitor is easy
(
get
)
along with.
(
2
)
The problem is very difficult
(
solve
)
.
(
3
)
The air in the morning is pleasant
(
breathe
)
.
(
4
)
The book is very interesting
(
read
)
.
(
5
)
For those who like animals
,
those dogs are hard
(
resist
)
.
(
6
)
Scientific information can be difficult _______________
(
understand
)
.
to get
to solve
to breathe
to read
to resist
to understand
要点五 不定式作定语
◆用法归纳
不定式作定语时,放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后。
(
1
)动词不定式和它修饰的词之间是动 宾关系。
Have you got anything to do this evening?
今晚你有事吗?
(
2
)被修饰的词与动词不定式有逻辑上 的主谓关系,这时被修饰的名词常常被
first
,
last
,
second
以及
only
等修饰。
sb./sth. be the first/second/third... to do...
某人
/
某物是第一个
/
第二个
/
第三个做
……
的
……
(
3
)动词不定式说明它修饰的名词或代 词的内容,相当于同位语,可以转换为同位语从句。常见的可跟动词不定式作定语的这类名词有:
decision
,
wish
,
chance
,
promise
,
plan
,
attempt
,
effort
,
right
(权利),
ability
,
patience
,
way
等。
单句语法填空
(
1
)
I have something important
(
tell
)
you.
(
2
)
I want to get something
(
read
)
in the coming summer holidays.
(
3
)
My mother had lots of things
(
deal
)
with.
(
4
)
Miss Liu is a very nice person
(
work
)
with.
(
5
)
China is the third country in the world
(
send
)
men into space.
to tell
to read
to deal
to deal
to send
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