• 141.50 KB
  • 2021-10-12 发布

初二英语下册知识点归纳

  • 47页
  • 当前文档由用户上传发布,收益归属用户
  1. 1、本文档由用户上传,淘文库整理发布,可阅读全部内容。
  2. 2、本文档内容版权归属内容提供方,所产生的收益全部归内容提供方所有。如果您对本文有版权争议,请立即联系网站客服。
  3. 3、本文档由用户上传,本站不保证质量和数量令人满意,可能有诸多瑕疵,付费之前,请仔细阅读内容确认后进行付费下载。
  4. 网站客服QQ:403074932
初二(八年级)下册英语第一单元知识点归纳 ‎ 初二(八年级)下册英语第一单元知识点主要是依据初二(八年级)下册英语教材,从重点短语、知识归纳、语法知识这三个部分总结了初二(八年级)下册英语第一单元知识点,适合初二学生学习英语、中考考生备考英语。‎ ‎  【重点短语】‎ ‎  1. fewer people 更少的人(fewer修饰名词复数,表示否定)‎ ‎  2. less free time 更少的空闲时间(less修饰不可数名词,表示否定)‎ ‎  3. in ten years 10年后(in的时间短语用于将来时,提问用How soon)‎ ‎  4. fall in love with… 爱上…‎ ‎  例:When I met Mr. Xu for the first time, I fell in love with him at once ‎  当我第一次见到许老师,我立刻爱上他 ‎  5. live alone 单独居住 ‎  6. feel lonely 感到孤独(比较:live alone/go along等)‎ ‎  The girl walked alone along the street, but she didn’t feel lonely那女孩独自沿着街道走,但她并不感到孤独 ‎  7. keep/feed a pet pig 养一头宠物猪 ‎  8. fly to the moon 飞上月球 ‎  9. hundreds of +复数 数百/几百(概数,类似还有thousands of; millions of)‎ ‎  10. the same as 和……相同 ‎  11. A be different from B A与B不同(=There is a difference/Thgere are differences between A and B)‎ ‎  12. wake up 醒来(wake sb. up表示 “唤醒某人”‎ ‎  13. get bored 变得厌倦(get/become是连系动词,后跟形容词如tired/angry/excited等)‎ ‎  14. go skating 去滑冰(类似还有go hiking/fishing /skating/bike riding等)‎ ‎  15. lots of/a lot of 许多(修饰可数名词、不可数名词都可以)‎ ‎  16. at the weekends 在周末 ‎  17. study at home on computers 在家通过电脑学习 ‎  18. agree with sb. 同意某人(的意见)‎ ‎  19. I don’t agree. = I disagree. 我不同意 ‎  20. on a piece of paper 在一张纸上(注意paper/information/news/work/homework/housework等常考到的不可数名词)‎ ‎  21. on vacation 度假 ‎  22. help sb with sth/help sb do sth 帮助某人做某事 ‎  23. many different kinds of goldfish 许多不同种金鱼 ‎  24. live in an apartment 住在公寓里/live on the twelfth floor 住在12楼 ‎  25. live at NO.332,Shanghai Street 住在上海路332号 ‎  26. as a reporter 作为一名记者 ‎  27. look smart 显得精神/看起来聪明 ‎  28. Are you kidding? 你在骗我吗 ‎  29. in the future 在将来/在未来 ‎  30. no more=not …anymore 不再(强调多次发生的动作不再发生)I’ll go there no more.‎ ‎  31. no longer=not… any longer 不再(强调状态不再发生)‎ ‎  32. besides(除…之外还,包括)与except …but(除…之外,不包括)‎ ‎  33. be able to与can 能、会 ‎  l (be able to用于各种时态,而can只能用于一般现在时态和一般过去时态中;have to用于各种时态,而must只能用于一般现在时态)例如:‎ ‎  1.I have been able to/will be able to speak two languages. (不可以用can)‎ ‎  2. had to stay at home/ will have to (不可以用must)‎ ‎  34.be big and crowded 大而且拥挤 ‎  34. be in college 在上大学 ‎  35. live on a space station 住在空间站 ‎  36. dress casually 穿得很随意casual clothing 休闲服饰 ‎  37. win the next World Cup 赢得世界杯 win award 获僵 ‎  38. come true 变成现实 ‎  39. take hundreds of years 花几百年的时间 ‎  40. be fun to watch 看起来有趣 ‎  41. over and over again 一次又一次 ‎  42. be in different shapes 形状不同 ‎  43. twenty years from now 今后20年 ‎ ‎【本单元目标句型】‎ ‎  1. What do you think life will be like in 1000 years?‎ ‎  2. There will be fewer trees、more buildings and less pollution in the future.‎ ‎  l fewer; less表示否定之意,分别修饰可数名词和不可数名词;more二者都可以修饰。‎ ‎  3. Will kids go to school? No, they won’t/Yes, they will。‎ ‎  4. Predicting the future can be difficult.‎ ‎  5. I need to look smart for my job interview.‎ ‎  6. I will be able to dress more casually.‎ ‎  7. I think I’ll go to Hong Kong on vacation, and one day I might even visit Australia.‎ ‎  8. What will teenagers do for fun twenty years from now?‎ ‎  9. That may not seem possible now, but computers, space rockets and even electric toothbrushes seemed impossible a hundred years ago.‎ ‎  【知识归纳】‎ ‎  形容词,副词的比较等级考查热点透视:‎ ‎  a)表示A与B在程度上相同b)时,c) “as+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构。表示A不d)如B时,e)可用“not as/so+形容词或副词的原级+as”结构。‎ ‎  f)表示A比B在程度上“更…..”时,g)可用“形容词或副词的比较级+than”结构 ‎  h)表示三者或三者以上的比较,i)其中一个在程度上“最…..”时,j)常用“the+形容词或副词的最高级”结构,k)后面可带“of/in的短语”来说明比较的范围。(注意:副词的最高级在句中常省略“the”.)‎ ‎  l)在形容词或副词的比较级前,m)可以用“a little, even, far, much,still”的等词语来修饰,n)以加强语气。‎ ‎  o)表示“越来越….”时,p)常用“形容词或副词的比较级+and+形容词或副词的比较级”结构,q)但要注意,r)对于多音节和部分双音节形容词,s)副词而t)言,u)若要表达此意时,v)要用“more and more+形容词或副词的原级“结构。‎ ‎  w)在表示“其中最….之一“的含义时,x)常使用 “one of+the+形容词最高级形式+名y)词复z)数”结构,aa)其中的定冠词the不bb)可以省略。‎ ‎  cc)如果强调“两者中比较…的(一个)”的意思时,dd)可使用“the+形容词比较级+其它”结构。‎ ‎  ee)表示“越….越….”, 可使用“the+形容词或副词的比较级,ff)the+形容词或副词的比较级”结构。‎ ‎  2 .一般将来时 ‎  一般将来时的构成:由助动词shall或will加动词原形构成,shall用于第一人称。在口语中,will在名词或代词后常简略为’ll, will not常简略为won’t。这个时态的肯定,否定和疑问结构可表示如下:‎ ‎  肯定句否定句疑问句 ‎  I (We)shall(will) go.‎ ‎  You(He, She, They) will go.I(We)shall(will) not go.‎ ‎  You(He, She, They)will not go.Shall I(we) go?‎ ‎  Will you (he, she, they) go?‎ ‎  用”be going to +动词原形”也可表示将来时,表示将要发生的事,打算或决定要做的事。‎ ‎  b)一般将来时的用法:1)表示将要发生的动作或情况;2) 不以人的意志为转移,肯定要发生的事情。The day after tomorrow will be National Day.后天是国庆日。‎ ‎  3. in/after:in是指以现在时间为起点的“在一段时间以后”。也可以表示“在将来多少时间之内”,句子中的谓语动词要用一般将来时态;after常指以过去时间为起点的“一段时间之后”,所以它与过去时态连用。当after指某个特定的未来时刻或日期之后,或指以将来某一时间为起点的若干时间之后时,它可以与将来时态连用。‎ ‎  4.more, less, fewer的用法区别:more为many, much的比较级,意为“更多”,可修饰可数与不可数名词。Less是little的比较级,意为“更好,较少”,修饰不可数名词。Fewer是few的比较级,意为“更少”,修饰可数名词复数。‎ ‎  【注意】few, little表示否定“几乎没有”。a few, a little表示肯定“一点,几个”。‎ ‎  5.would like sth意思为“想要某物“; would like to do意思为”想要做某事“。回答would like句型的一般疑问句时,其肯定回答为 “Yes, please.”;否定回答“No, thanks”或 “I’d like /love to, but….”‎ ‎  6. Such作形容词,意思是“如此的”“这样的”,修饰各种名词。‎ ‎  Such这样的。如It is such bad weather.天气如此恶劣。‎ ‎  Such常和as搭配,表示一种类别。如We enjoy such a voice as hers.我们喜欢象她那样的嗓子。‎ ‎  Such常和表示结果的that从句搭配,表示“如此….以至于…”如 ‎  It was such a hot day that we all had to stay at home.‎ ‎  Such…that…和so…that…都可用来引出一个结果状语从句。由于such是形容词,所以that从句前有一个受such修饰的名词;而so 是副词,用以修饰形容词或副词,因此that从句前一般不出现名词。如 ‎  They are such kind-hearted teachers that people in the village all respect them.‎ ‎  The exam was so difficult that many students failed to pass it.‎ ‎  如果名词是可数名词的单数形式,such和so的位置不同:‎ ‎  such+a/an+形容词+单数名词 ‎  so+形容词+a/an+单数名词 ‎  如果名词是不可数名词或名词复数,只可用such,不能用so.:‎ ‎  such+形容词+不可数名词或复数名词 ‎  如果被修饰的不可数名词被much, little, 或复数名词被many, few等表示量的形容词修饰时,用so,不用such.‎ ‎  当little表示“年纪小的”时,可用such+little+名词。‎ ‎  7.be able to 为“能,会”,表示能力,在这个意义上与can的意思相同,一般情况下两者可以互换,但can只有现在式和过去式(could)而be able to则用于更多的时态,主要体现在be的变化。‎ ‎  两者在用法上有一些差异:can (could)表示主观能力不表示意愿,它的将来时用will be able to而 be able to表示主观意愿强调克服困难做某事。 ‎ ‎ 【重点语法】‎ ‎  一般将来时 ‎  表示将要发生的动作或存在的状态。本时态标志词:‎ ‎  1.含tomorrow; next短语; 2.in+段时间 ; 3.how soon;‎ ‎  4.by+将来时间; 5.by the time sb.do… 6.祈使句句型中:or/and sb. will do ‎  例Be quick, or you will be late=If you don’t be quick, you will be late ‎  7.在时间/条件状语从句中, 如果从句用一般现在时, 主句用将来时 8.another day ‎  比较be going to 与will:‎ ‎  be going to 表示近期、眼下就要发生的事情,will 表示的将来时间则较远一些。‎ ‎  如: He is going to write a letter tonight. He will write a book one day.‎ ‎  2. be going to 表示根据主观判断将来肯定发生的事情,will表示客观上将来势必发生的事情。‎ ‎  He is seriously ill. He is going to die. He will be twenty years old.‎ ‎  3. be going to 含有“计划,准备”的意思,而 will 则没有这个意思,如:‎ ‎  She is going to lend us her book. He will be here in half an hour.‎ ‎  4.在有条件从句的主句中,一般不用 be going to, 而多用will, 如:‎ ‎  If any beasts comes at you, I'll stay with you and help you.‎ ‎  掌握了它们的这些不同,你就能很好的区分be going to与will了。‎ ‎  be going to do (动词原形)结构:表示打算、准备做的事情或者肯定要发生的事情。如:It is going to rain.‎ ‎  will do 结构表示将来的用法:‎ ‎  1. 表示预见 ‎  Do you think it will rain?‎ ‎  You will feel better after a good rest.‎ ‎  2. 表示意图 ‎  I will borrow a book from our school library tomorrow.‎ ‎  What will she do tomorrow?‎ ‎  基本构成如下:‎ ‎  一般疑问句构成:‎ ‎  (1)will+主语+do…? Will Sarah come to visit me next Sunday?‎ ‎  (2)there be 结构的一般疑问句:Will there + be …?‎ ‎  Will there be fewer trees? Yes, there will. / No, there won’t ‎  否定句构成:will + not (won’t)+do ‎  Sarah won’t come to visit me next Sunday.‎ ‎  特殊疑问句构成:‎ ‎  特殊疑问词+will+主语+…?What will Sarah do next Sunday?‎ ‎  根据例句,用will改写下列各句 ‎  例:I don’t feel well today. (be better tomorrow) I’ll be better tomorrow.‎ ‎  1. Gina has six classes today. (have a lot of homework tonight)‎ ‎  _____________________________‎ ‎  2. I’m tired now. (sleep later)‎ ‎  _____________________________‎ ‎  3. My parents need a new car. (buy one soon)‎ ‎  _____________________________‎ ‎  4. We can’t leave right now. (leave a little later)‎ ‎  _____________________________‎ ‎  5. The weather is awful today. (be better tomorrow)‎ ‎_____________________________‎ 初二英语下册第二单元重点总结 ‎  一丶重点短语 ‎  1.argue v.争论;争吵 argue with sb.与某人吵架 ‎  I argued with my best friend.我和我的好朋友吵架了。‎ ‎  2.① either adv.(用于否定句)也 ‎  He doesn’t have any money, and I don’t, either.他没有钱,我也没有。‎ ‎  I can’t play chess. She can’t, either.我不会下国际象棋,她也不会。‎ ‎  ② too 也(用于肯定或疑问句)‎ ‎  I’m a teacher.He is a teacher, too.我是老师,他也是老师。‎ ‎  3.ask (sb.)for sth.向某人寻求某物;要……‎ ‎  Don't ask for food every day.Go and find some work. 别天天要饭,找点儿工作做。‎ ‎  I don’t think you should ask your parents for some money.我想你不应向父母要钱。‎ ‎  4.the same as... 与……相同 (注意前后两个比较对象的属性保持一致)‎ ‎  The clothes are the same as my friends'.这些衣服与我朋友的一样。‎ ‎  Tom is the same age as Anna.= Tom is as old as Anna. 汤姆和安娜一样大。‎ ‎  Her backpack is the same as mine. 她的背包与我的一样。‎ ‎  5.except 除……以外;(不包括……在内)‎ ‎  My class has been invited except me.除我以外,我的同学都被邀请了。‎ ‎  All the students went to the park except him.除了他之外,全体同学都去过公园了。‎ ‎  They all traveled America except her. 除了她以外,所有的学生都去美国旅行过。‎ ‎  注意区别:besides 除……以外,还有...(包括在内)‎ ‎  We all went there besides him.除他去以外,我们也都去了。‎ ‎  (= He went there.We went there, too.) 他也去了,我们也去了!/大家都去了!‎ ‎  There are five more visitors besides me.除了我之外还有5名访客 (加上我是6个)‎ ‎  6.wrong adj.错误的;有毛病的;不合适的 ‎  ─ What's wrong with you? 你怎么了?(你哪里不舒服?)‎ ‎  ─ I've got a headache.我头痛。‎ ‎  What’s wrong with your watch? It doesn't work.你的手表怎么了?它不走了。‎ ‎  注意:What’s the matter with you?= What’s wrong with you ?=What’s the trouble with you? 你怎么了?/你出什么事了?‎ ‎  7.get on(well) with sb.与某人相处(融洽)‎ ‎  get on ( well ) with sth 某事进展地好 ‎  The students will get on well with the teacher.学生会和老师相处得非常好。‎ ‎  How are you going on with your new friends? 你和你的新朋友相片如何 ?‎ ‎  These days ,Mr Green gets on well with his new job.‎ ‎  这些天,格林先生的工作进展很顺利 ‎  8.have a fight with sb.= fight with sb.与某人打架 ‎  I don‘t want to have a fight with my cousin. 我不想和我的堂兄打架。‎ ‎  They never fight with each other.They are really good friends.‎ ‎  他们从不打架,他们的确是好朋友。 ‎ 二、主要句型(Key Sentences Structures)‎ ‎  What should I do? You could write him a letter.‎ ‎  What should he do? Maybe he should say sorry to him ‎  What should they do? They shouldn't argue.‎ ‎  三、词语辨析 ‎  1. borrow sth. from sb. 从某人处借进某物 (借回来)‎ ‎  lend sth. to sb. = lend sb. sth 把某物借给某人 (借出去)‎ ‎  注: borrow sth. from sb. 是指该句的主语从别人处(往里)借进某物 ‎  例:He borrowed the dictionary from Lucy yesterday. 他昨天从露西处借了那本字典.‎ ‎  lend sth. to sb. = lend sb. sth.‎ ‎  是指该句的主语把某物(往外)借给别人用 ‎  例如:Could you lend me your car?‎ ‎  =Could you lend your car to me?‎ ‎  请你借给我你的车用一下好吗?‎ ‎  2. ①get sb. to do… 使……做(以人为对象时,有“说服……使做……”的含义)‎ ‎  He could get a tutor to come to his home. 他可以请一位家庭教师来他家。‎ ‎  You’ll never get her to agree. 你决不可能使她同意。‎ ‎  ②ask sb. to do… 邀请(人)做……‎ ‎  We asked her to come to our party.我们请她来参加聚会 ‎  ③ tell sb. to do…让某人做某事 例如:‎ ‎  The teacher told him to finish the work that day. 老师那天让他完成那项工作。‎ ‎  3、be in style 时髦的,流行的 ‎  be out of style 过时的,不时髦的 ‎  例: Look! Her new dress is in style.她的新裙子很时髦。‎ ‎  Those clothes are out of style. 那些衣服过时了。 ‎ 四、课文解释 ‎  1、I don’t want to surprise him. 我不想让他感到意外。‎ ‎  此处surprise是及物动词 surprise sb. 使某人感到吃惊 ‎  eg. My friend always surprises me.‎ ‎  2、talk about it on the phone 用电话就此事进行交流 ‎  On the phone 在电话里 。不能使用 in the phone、‎ ‎  eg. They talk about a lot on the phone yesterday.‎ ‎  他们昨天在电话里谈了很多 ‎  3、call sb. (up) =give sb. a call 给某人打电话 ‎  4、write sb. a letter = write a letter to sb. 给某人写信 ‎  5、give him a ticket to a ball game.给他一张观看球赛的入场券 (注意to 译为:...的)‎ ‎  eg. They got two tickets to tonight’s show. 他们搞了两张今晚表演的入场券。‎ ‎  6、She has the same haircut as I do. 她和我有相同的发型。‎ ‎  eg. Tim has the same clothes as his brother does.提姆和他的弟弟有相同的衣服。‎ ‎  7、find out (经过某人的研究、努力)发现,查出,找出 ‎  You should find out the answer for yourself.你应该自己去找答案。‎ ‎  8、Everyone else in my class was invited except me.‎ ‎  除了我以外,我们班其他别的人都接到了邀请(信)‎ ‎  此句中else一词不能单独使用,它必须跟在不定代词像“someone, anyone nobody”等词的后面,或跟在特殊疑问词像“what, where”等词的后面使用意思是“别的”‎ ‎  eg. What else 别的什么, Who else 其他谁 someone else 其他人 ‎  9、I can’t think what I did wrong. 我真想不出我做错了什么。‎ ‎  此句中 what I did wrong是宾语从句,应用陈述语序 (即 :主语+动词)‎ ‎  10、I’m very upset and don’t know what to do.我很沮丧,不知该干什么。‎ ‎  此句中 what to do是不定式作know的宾语,可用宾语从句来代替。可以说成“I don’t know what I should do.”‎ ‎  请背熟以下两个常见结构: I don’t know what to do .我不知道该做什么。‎ ‎  I don’t know how to do it. 我不知道该怎么去做它。‎ ‎  11、There are a lot of things you could do. 有许多你能做的事。‎ ‎  此句中 you could do是定语从句,修饰前面的名词“things”‎ ‎  12、You left your homework at home.你把你的作业落在家里了。‎ ‎  leave sth. +介词短语,是“把……忘在,落在(某处)的意思。‎ ‎  eg. He left his umbrella on the bus.他把伞忘在公交车上。‎ ‎  注:千万不能根据汉语的说法写为:forget sth ,只能用leave sth.’表示“落下”‎ ‎  13、You should try to be funny. 你应该试着幽默一些。‎ ‎  Try to do…努力做,试着做,尽量做 ‎  而try not to do 是尽量不做……‎ ‎  eg. Please try not to be late again. 请尽量不要再迟到。‎ ‎  14、Their school days are busy enough. 他们的学校生活是够忙的。‎ ‎  enough必须放在形容词/副词的后面,表示“足够……的” (后置)‎ ‎  eg. He is tall enough to reach that apple. 他足够高的可以够着那个苹果。‎ ‎  15、be under too much pressure. 在太多的压力下 ‎  16、see other children doing a lot of things 看别的孩子在做许多事 ‎  see sb. doing 看见某人正在干某事 (强调动作正在进行)‎ ‎  See sb do sth 看见某人做过某事 (强调动作已结束)‎ ‎  eg. We saw them playing basketball at that time.那时我们看见他们在打篮球 ‎  17、find it hard to do sth. 发现做……(事)很难 ‎  He found it hard to learn math well. 他发现学好数学很难 注:it 初中阶段常作:形式主语 /形式宾语 ,而句子真正的主语/宾语则由to do 来担当.‎ ‎ 练习题 ‎  一丶单项选择 ‎  1. I’m not good at math. I really don’t know________.‎ ‎  A. what should I do B.how should do C.what to do ‎  2. My best friend is the same________. We are both 12 years old.‎ ‎  A. as my age B.age as me C.as me age ‎  3. Can you________ what time the meeting starts?‎ ‎  A.find out B.look after C.find ‎  4. My mother knows little about fashion. Her clothes are always________‎ ‎  A.in style B. Out of style C.new and smart ‎  5. Dad, I don’t have enough money to buy a CD. Could you________me some?‎ ‎  A.borrow B.lend C.keep ‎  6. Don’t argue________ your parents. It’s not polite.‎ ‎  A.to B.for C.with ‎  7. “What should I do ?” “________ you could get________part-time job.”‎ ‎  A.Maybe ,a B.May be ,/ C.Really, a ‎  8.-You’d better not go out now. It’s raining ‎  - It doesn’t matter. My new coat can keep________ the rain.‎ ‎  A.in B.of C.out ‎  9. It’s a beautiful coat. But he ________ only 30 dollars for it.‎ ‎  A. paid B.bought C.spent ‎  10.The weather is________ for us to go swiming.‎ ‎  A.enough warm B.warm enough C.too warm ‎  11.He________ his homework at home yesterday.‎ ‎  A. left B.leaves C.forgot ‎  12. Could you give me________ to eat? I’’m hungry.‎ ‎  A.anything B.something C.some thing ‎  13. If you are wrong, you should ________sorry ________others.‎ ‎  A. talk, to B.say, to C.speak, about ‎  14. –I was told to be here before seven.‎ ‎  - Oh, you________ .I’m sorry for not telling you that we have changed the plan.‎ ‎  A. must B.can’t C.needn’t ‎  15. – What’s wrong ________ your radio?‎ ‎  - It doesn’t work.‎ ‎  A. to B.with C.for ‎  二丶根据首字母及句意完成单词。‎ ‎  1. We a________ with the taxi driver about the money yesterday.‎ ‎  2. Under the p________ of modern life, many people feel very tired.‎ ‎  3. Everyone went to play soccer e________ Tom ,because he doesn’t like it.‎ ‎  4. She didn’t go to bed u________her mother came back last night.‎ ‎  5. Julia f________ her test,so she was very upset.‎ ‎  三丶甩所给词的适当形式填空。‎ ‎  1. Don’t be stressed out. You should try ________ (be) relaxed.‎ ‎  2. Give me________ (free) or let me die ‎  3. I plan to ________ (surprised) her at her birthday party.‎ ‎  4. Could you please ________ (pass) me those dumplings?‎ ‎  5. I’m very upset and don’t know what ________ (do).‎ ‎  四丶根据汉语完成句子。‎ ‎  1. 她生你的气了,所以你她打电话。‎ ‎  She _____ _____ _____ you, so you should _____ _____ _____.‎ ‎  2. 你能给我一些建议吗?‎ ‎  Could you give me _____ _____ ?‎ ‎  3. Henry很失落,不知道该怎么做。‎ ‎  Henry is very _____ and doesn’t know _____ _____ _____ .‎ ‎  4. 星期三詹姆斯把他的历史书落在家里了 ‎  James_____ his history book _____ _____ on _____.‎ ‎  5. 孩子们需要时间和自由去玩耍与思考。‎ ‎  Children need _____ and _____ to play and think.‎ 初二(八年级)下册英语第三单元知识点 英语知识点]‎ ‎  初二(八年级)下册英语第三单元知识点主要是依据初二(八年级)下册英语教材,从应该掌握的词组、需要掌握的句子、重点短语及练习总结了初二(八年级)下册英语第三单元知识点,适合初二学生学习英语、中考考生备考英语。‎ ‎  一、 应掌握的词组:‎ ‎  1. babysit one’s sister 照顾妹妹 ‎  2. visit one’s grandmother 看望奶奶 ‎  3. spend time with friends和朋友们一起度过时光 ‎  4. visit cousins 看望表弟等 ‎  5. Go to sports camp 去运动野营 ‎  6.go to the beach 去海滩 ‎  7. go camping 去野营 ‎  8. Go shopping 去买东西 ‎  9. go swimming 去游泳 ‎  10. go boating去划船 ‎  11. go skating 去溜冰 ‎  12. go walking去散步 ‎  13. go climbing 去登山 ‎  14. go dancing去跳舞 ‎  15. go hiking 去徒步远足 ‎  16. go sightseeing 去观光 ‎  17. go house-hunting 去找房子 ‎  18.go on a hike 徒步旅行,go bike riding 骑自行车旅行,go fishing 去钓鱼 ‎  19. do some shopping 买东西 ‎  20. do some washing 洗衣服 ‎  21. do some cooking 作饭 ‎  22. do some reading 读书 ‎  23. do some speaking训练口语 ‎  24. do some sewing 做缝纫活 ‎  25.that sounds nice 那好极了 ‎  26. at home 在家 ‎  27. how about=what about ……怎么样?‎ ‎  28. how long 多长时间 ‎  29. how far 多远 ‎  30. how often 多长时间一次 ‎  31. how much, how many 多少 ‎  32. have a good time =have fun= have a wonderful time= enjoy oneself 玩得高兴,过得愉快 ‎  33. show sb. Sth.=show sth. to sb.出示某物给某人看 ‎  give me the book=give the book to me 给我书,‎ ‎  pass me the cup=pass the cup to me 把杯子递给我,‎ ‎  sell me the house=sell the house to me 把房子卖给我 ‎  buy me a book =buy a book for me 给我买书,‎ ‎  make me a cake=make a cake for me给我做蛋糕 ‎  44. Ask her about her plans 向她询问她的计划ask sb. about sth.向某人询问某事 ‎  45. forget to do sth. 忘记要做某事,forget doing sth. 忘记做过某事 ‎ 二、应该掌握的句子:‎ ‎  1.What are you doing for vacation? I’m babysitting my sister.‎ ‎  2.Who are you going with? I’m going with my parents.你要和谁一起去?我要和父母一起去。‎ ‎  3.When is he going camping? He is going on the 12th of February, 2005.‎ ‎  4.I’m going to Tibet for a week. 我要去西藏一周。‎ ‎  5.What are you doing there? I’m going hiking in the mountains.‎ ‎  6.Show me your photos when we get back to school.我们返回学校时,你把照片拿给我看。‎ ‎7.Where are you going for vacation? I’m going to Hawaii for vacation.‎ 你要去哪度假?我要去夏威夷度假。‎ ‎8.I’m going to Hawaii for vacation in December, and I’m staying for three weeks.我要在12月去夏威夷度假,在那里呆3个星期。‎ ‎9.What is it like there? 那里什么样子?‎ ‎  10. Can I ask you some questions about your vacation plans?‎ ‎  我可以问你一些有关你假期计划的问题吗?‎ ‎  11. He thought about going to Greece or Spain, but decided on Canada.‎ 他考虑去希腊或西班牙,但是最后他决定去加拿大。‎ ‎12. He is leaving the first week in June and staying until September.‎ 他将在6月的第一个星期动身,一直呆到9月。‎ ‎13. Please don’t forget to close the door when you leave.‎ ‎14.She couldn’t wait to get home to see he parents.她迫不及待的想回家看望父母。‎ ‎  ‎ 三丶重点短语 ‎  知识点:‎ ‎  过去进行时 ‎  a) 过去进行时由“was/were+动词ing形式”构成。以动词work为列,b) 其肯定式,c) 否定式,d) 疑问式以及简略答语见下表:‎ ‎  肯定式:I/He/She/It was working. We/You/ They were working.‎ ‎  否定式:I/He/She/It was not working. We/You/They were not working.‎ ‎  疑问式和简略答语:Was I working? Yes, you were.‎ ‎  Was he working? No, he wasn’t.‎ ‎  【注意】was not常简略为wasn’t; were not常简略为weren’t ‎  e) 过去进行时的用法:过去进行时表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间,f) 除有上,g) 下文暗示以外,h) 一般用时间状语来表示 ‎  not …until直到…才。表示动作在某时之前尚未开始,直到此时动作才开始。not…until可以用after或when来代替,但主句谓语动词要用肯定形式。Until为连词时后接时间状语从句,until作介词时,后面接表示时间的名词。Until 用于肯定句多表示动作或状态一直延续到until所表示的时间为止,意思为“直到…” from..till…中till往往表示不太具体的时间。From …to…或from…until常用来表示具体的时间。‎ ‎  find it…to do,it在此句中为形式宾语代表动词不定式,动词不定式为真正的宾语,常用于这种用法的动词有find, feel, think, make等。‎ ‎  “疑问词+不定式“结构相当于一个名词性从句,常常可用同等成分的从句代替。改写时,只需在疑问词后面加一个适当的主语(这个主语一般与主句的主语一致),并将不定式改成适当形式的谓语即可。如,Where to go is still a question.= Where we should go is still a question.‎ ‎  when 与while:when连接的状语从句是个特殊句型,“前一个分句(谓语动词用过去进行时)+when(作并列连词,意思为“这时,突然”)+后一个分句(谓语动词用一般过去时)”表示在前一个动作正在进行的过程中突然发生了后一个动作, when强调动作的突然性,when后面的动词为非延续性动词;while表示“在….过程中”,强调在一段时间内,所以while引导的从句中的谓语动词必须为延续性动词。在状语从句中,若从句放在句首时,应用逗号与主句隔开。‎ ‎  感叹句的构成:What +a/an+形容词+单数名词+主语+谓语!What a good book it is!‎ ‎  What+形容词+复数可数名词+主语+谓语!What easy questions they are!‎ ‎  What+形容词+不可数名词+主语+谓语!What cold weather it is!‎ ‎  How+形容词+主语+be动词!How nice the watch is!‎ ‎  How +副词+主语+谓语!How hard they are working!‎ ‎  8.take place, happen“发生”:take place指“发生事先计划或预想到的事物”;happen指“一切客观事情或情况的偶然或未能预见地发生”。两者都是不及物动词或短语,后面不能跟宾语,也不能用于被动语态;happen的意义很广泛,而take place 仅用于历史上的事件,集会等,是先行布置而后发生或举行的事件,它不用于地震等自然界的现象。‎ ‎  happen to do 巧遇 sth happens to sb某人遭遇某事 ‎  9.不定代词all, both, each,every与not连用时,只表示部分否定,在否定句中用and连接两个宾语,表语,定语,状语时,只表示部分否定,并且否定 and后面的部分;如用or连接句中两个部分,则表示全部否定。如,She isn’t a bright and beautiful girl.她并不是一个既聪明又漂亮的女孩。(部分否定) She isn’t a bright or beautiful girl.她是一个既不聪明又不漂亮的女孩。(全部否定)。 ‎ ‎ 四、重点练习 ‎  一、按要求改写句子,每空一词 ‎  1、I made a model house, She helped me.(合并成一句)‎ ‎  2、Which do you prefer, the big one or the small one?(保持原句意思)‎ ‎  3、There is a lot of traffic on the street.(改为否定句)‎ ‎  4、The nearest shopping center is only 800 meters away.(就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  5、Don’t eat or drink in the classroom.(保持原句意思)‎ ‎  6、This sign tells us to turn left.(就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  7、At school we have rules to keep us safe.(就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  8、Let’s go to see the film. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  9、I go to the Children’s Place once a week. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  10、The MP4 player cost 600 yuan.(对划线部分提问)‎ ‎  11、The flowers over there look nice.(改为反问疑问句)‎ ‎  12、We often take the underground to go to school.(划线提问)‎ ‎  13、Do you live in the city? Do you live in the countryside?(合并成一句)‎ ‎  14、We are going to see a film this Monday.(就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  15、If you want to stay healthy, you should go to bed early. (保持原句意思)‎ ‎  16、Of all the sports I like football best. (保持原句意思)‎ ‎  17、Sam does a lot of homework every evening. (改为否定句)‎ ‎  18、Your father has been to Hongkong. (改为反问疑问句)‎ ‎  19、These hot dogs cost eleven yuan. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  20、I’m selling American food. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  21、My father is a good cook. (保持原句意思)‎ ‎  22、I think she is right. (改为否定句)‎ ‎  23、His father never goes to work late. (改为反问疑问句)‎ ‎  24、We shall have some fruit.(改为一般疑问句)‎ ‎  25、I’d like a piece of pizza. (改为一般疑问句)‎ ‎  26、Jack may need to buy some chicken wings. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  27、There’s much milk in the glass. (改为否定句)‎ ‎  milk in the glass.‎ ‎  28、This is my watch. (保持原句意思)‎ ‎29、I need to interview Mr. Wang for my project. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  30、We freeze the meat because it will be fresh for a long time. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  31、It’s twenty minutes’ walk from my home to our school. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎   32、Let’s take a picture in front of the building. (改为反问疑问句)‎ ‎    33、How do you like the book“Harry Potter”? (保持原句意思)‎ ‎   34、I liked oranges better than apples. (保持原句意思)‎ ‎  35、I like watching sports news best. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  36、Tom has read some fables in the holidays. (改为否定句)‎ ‎   37、He left Shanghai the day before yesterday.(改为现在完成时)‎ ‎   38、I’m leaving for New York this coming Wednesday. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎    39、His father never goes to work late. (改为反问疑问句)‎ ‎  40、We have two English lessons on Friday morning. (改为否定句)‎ ‎  41、Are you ready for the coming test? (保持原句意思)‎ ‎  42、I’m going on a trip to Beijing with my parents in the summer holidays. (就划线部分提问)‎ ‎  43、The man is good at singing. (保持原句意思)‎ ‎  44、He can hardly believe that maglev runs so fast. (改为反问疑问句)‎ ‎  45、He doesn’t like winter. Neither does his sister.(合并成一句)‎ ‎  用所给单词的适当形式填空 ‎  Don’t make so much_________(noisy)! My father is writing.‎ ‎  Some_____________(Australia) like to camp in the coutryside at weekend.‎ ‎  It’s very _________(relax) to listen to de songs.‎ ‎  It’s very________(pleased) to meet you.‎ ‎  City life is very _________(difference) form the country life.‎ ‎  We must not ride bicycles here. It’s a ________(warn) sign.‎ ‎  Why don’t we go _______(camp) this weekend?‎ ‎  It is a _______(use) information for me,I think.‎ ‎  A:What does this sign ______(meaning)?‎ ‎  B:We mustn’t eat or drink here.‎ ‎  10、Can you make your life more____________?(enjoy)‎ ‎  11、I like living in the suburbs. It’s quiet and _______.(peace)‎ ‎  12、People have their own way of _________.(relex)‎ ‎  13、My uncle Jack likes _______in the suburbs.(live)‎ ‎  14、My computer is ___________.It doesn't work now.(break)‎ ‎  15、He used to __________when he was young.(smoking)‎ ‎  16、Do you read newspaper _________?(regular)‎ ‎17、The film called “Computer War” is veay ________.(excited)‎ ‎  18、Don’t fall ________ in class,Sam.(sleep)‎ ‎  19、Let’s buy some food and ________ for the party.(drink)‎ ‎  20、If you use your own head, maybe you will make_______mistakes.(few)‎ ‎  21、Children, __________ l want to show you a wonderful picture.(first)‎ ‎  22、Shanghai is an _________city,isn’t it?(national)‎ ‎  23、Mrs Brown likes to take care of _______cats and dogs.(home)‎ ‎  24、I felt very _______after the hard work.(tire)‎ ‎  25、________, I am going to read several books during the holiday. (second)‎ ‎  26、________,I am going to have a trip with my friends during the festival.(third)‎ ‎  27、We had a _______ birthday party for my brother at bother at home last Sunday.(surprised)‎ ‎  28、What ______ it is to have the party!(fun)‎ ‎  29、Jack was very ________ with the birthday present. (prease)‎ ‎  30、David is a friandly man , _________in the town knows him.(every)‎ ‎  31、I look forword to _________ the film.(see)‎ ‎  32、She got the _________fish form the shop. (freeze)‎ ‎  33、Please stir the _______ with a spoon.(mix)‎ ‎  34、My father owns a big _________boat. He is a fisherman.(fish)‎ ‎  35、Let’s study the ________lesson now. (four)‎ ‎  36、If you want to stay healthy, you should exercise__________.(regular)‎ ‎  37、We are going to go on an _________ this weekend.(out)‎ ‎  38、If you want to be __________,you must eat less junk food.(healthy)‎ ‎  39、How many__________ dogs and cats are there in the town?(home)‎ ‎  40、Children should not often eat _________food.(freeze)‎ ‎  41、There is a ___________ sign on the wall.(direct)‎ ‎  42、__________, you must finish it yourself. (second)‎ ‎  43、I have a beach hut and I like_________ there.(relax)‎ ‎  44、Is there any ________food in the fridge? (freeze)‎ ‎  45、The weather is usually ________ here in April. (pleasure)‎ ‎  46、We must not leave rubbish. It’s a _________ sign. (warn)‎ ‎  47、He nodded his head in __________ ,then walked home. (silent)‎ ‎  48、We must stop here. It’s a _________sign. (instruct)‎ ‎  49、It’s a good habit to do morning exercise __________. (regular)‎ ‎  50、This book is very _________ to me. (help)‎ 初二(八年级)下册英语第四单元知识点 ‎  初二(八年级)下册英语第四单元知识点主要是依据初二(八年级)下册英语教材,从直接引语、间接引语、重点句型及达标练习总结了初二(八年级)下册英语第四单元知识点,适合初二学生学习英语、中考考生备考英语。‎ ‎  知识点:‎ ‎  在称述句中直接引语和间接引语的转换:‎ ‎  a) 直接引语:说话人直接引用别人的原话。‎ ‎  b) 间接引语:说话人用自己的话把别人的意思转述出来。‎ ‎  c) 直接引语一般前后要加引号;间接引语不d) 用引号。‎ ‎  e) 规则:1)人称变化:从句中的第一人称多改为第三人称;第二人称根据情况改为第一或第三人称;第三人称不f) 变。2)时态变化:如果主句的谓语动词是一般过去时,g) 直接引语变为间接引语时从句的谓语动词在时态方面要做以下变化:‎ ‎  直接引语 间接引语 ‎  一般现在时 一般过去时(客观真理除外)‎ ‎  一般将来时 过去将来时 ‎  现在进行时 过去进行时 ‎  如果主句的谓语动词是一般现在时,直接引语变为间接引语时,从句的动词时态保持不变;直接引语如果是客观真理变为间接引语时,时态保持不变。3)其他指示代词,时间状语,地点状语和动词等的变化。直接引语中的一些指示代词,时间状语和地点状语须作相应的变化:‎ ‎  直接引语 间接引语 ‎  指示代词 this这 these这些 that那 those那些 ‎  时间状语 now现在 then那时 ‎  today 今天 that day 那天 tonight 今晚 that night那天晚上 ‎  this week 这星期 that week那个星期 yesterday 昨天 the day before前一天 ‎  last week 上星期 the week before前一个星期 ago以前 before 以前 tomorrow明天 the next/following day第二天 next week 下星期 the next week 第二个星期 ‎  地点状语 here 这里 there 那里 动词 come来 go 去 ‎  【注意】1)直接引语中的时间状语根据实际情况转述为间接引语时,有时不需要改变,如tomorrow。如果转述的动作发生在当天,无需改变;如果转述的动作不在当天,则需将tomorrow变为the next day.‎ ‎  2.habit, practice, custom: habit指“个人由于自然条件,社会环境,爱好或经常接触而导致可以为常的行为或特性”;practice语气比habit弱,指“个人或大家都习惯了的做法或工作与生活的方式。”;custom指“经过一段时期在某人,地区或社会中形成的传统习惯或风俗。”‎ ‎  3.bring, take, carry: bring指“从别处把东西或人带来”“拿来”,表示将人或物带到或拿到说话者所在的位置的这个动作;take指“把东西带走或拿走”,表示将人或物拿开或带离说话者所在的位置的这个动作; carry指“随身携带(不说明方向)有时含有 “负担”的意思。‎ ‎  4.Surprise用法:1)surprise作名词,表示“惊奇,诧异”;2)surprise作几物动词(后接某人作宾语)表示“使…惊奇”;surprise的过去分词作表语,表示“感到惊奇”;to one’s surprise表示“使…吃惊的是”;be surprised at sth/sb表示“对…感到惊奇”。‎ ‎  5.however 与 but:两者均可作“但是,然而”‎ ‎,而且都引出并列分句。从语义上看,but所表示的是非常明显的对比,转折的意味较however要强;从语法上看,but是并列连词,而however却是连接副词;从语序上看,but总是位于所引出的分句前,而however却可位于句首,句中和句末,但是译成汉语时一定要把它放在分句之首;从标点符号上看,but之后一般不使用逗号,而however则必须用逗号分开。However当连词用时,“无论以何种方式,不管怎样”,引导让步状语从句。‎ ‎  6.first, at first与first of all:1)first可以做副词,意思是“首先,第一次,最初地”,指第一次做某事或首先做某事,first还可以用作形容词,意思是“第一的,最初的,主要的,一流的”,first作名词,意思是“首要,第一,最初”2)at first的意思是“起初,当初”,指刚刚开始做某事的时候,暗示后来的情况有所改变3)first of all的意思是“第一,最初,首先”,同first的用法相同,但语气上比first要强,常常用来加强语气。‎ ‎  7.true, real: true意思为“真的”“真正的”,强调与实际相符,而不是杜撰的,它与real相对。与to连用,意思是“忠实的”,true用作名词,与定冠词the连用,表示“真实,真理”等;real无此意。Real是形容词,强调客观存在的“真实”“实在”,不是想象的。‎ ‎  8.above, on,over:三者都有“在…上”之意。1)on表示两者上下紧贴在一起2)over表示一种直接的垂直概念,但没有上下紧贴的意思,反义词为under.3)above既不表示垂直的上下概念,也无相互紧贴的意思,反义词是below.‎ 达标训练 ‎  Ⅰ. 单词拼写 ‎  1. Have you ______(讨论)the problem with anyone?‎ ‎  2. Have you ______(喂) the cat yet?‎ ‎  3. Take the ______(药) three times a day.‎ ‎  4. I was _______(吃惊的) to hear that they would get married.‎ ‎  5. I’d like to know the r______ why you’re so late.‎ ‎  6. The news s_____my mother yesterday.‎ ‎  7. The little girl is so p_____ that almost everyone likes her.‎ ‎  8. Tables, chairs and beds are f_______.‎ ‎  9. The sun has much e_______. How to make full of it is very important.‎ ‎  10. A plant can use the energy in sunlight to make food for i_______.‎ ‎  11. You can’t ______(倒) the waste water into the river.‎ ‎  12. The boy was saved and now he is out of ________(危险).‎ ‎  13. Japan is an _______(亚洲) country.‎ ‎  14. It’s our duty to _____(保护) our environment.‎ ‎  15. The basket is e_______now, you can put some orangers in it.‎ ‎  16. The little girl lit a m_____. It shone brightly.‎ ‎  Ⅱ. 翻译句子 ‎  1. 今天相当冷, 是吗? ___________________________________‎ ‎  2. 我这害怕打雷. ___________________________________‎ ‎  3. 太阳将在15分钟后落下去. ___________________________‎ ‎  4. 用土盖上你的种子. ___________________________‎ ‎  5. 叶子是用来干什么的? ___________________________‎ ‎  6. 在树丛中行走是令人愉快的事. ___________________________‎ ‎  7. 所有的植物都是从土壤中摄取能量然后把它做成食物. ________________________‎ ‎  8. 世界上一半的食物来自于三种植物. ___________________________‎ ‎  9. 植物对所有动物来说很重要吗? ___________________________‎ ‎  10. 他不敢和校长讲话. ___________________________‎ ‎  11. 我们需要帽子来遮挡阳光. ___________________________‎ ‎  12. 动物园有助于人们防止动物灭绝. ___________________________‎ ‎  13. 马克 吐温喜欢跟别人开玩笑. Mark Twain liked to ____________________.‎ ‎  14. 埃及以金字塔而闻名于世. ___________________________‎ 达标训练-答案:‎ ‎  名词:shower, take a shower; storm; fact; change; baseball; playground; plant; leaf, leaves; glass, a glass of…; reason; energy; heat; bamboo; corn; wheat; furniture; medicine; goose, geese; scince, scintific, scintist; camel; danger, dangerous; joke; Asian; experiment; method; liquid; solid; spoon; plate; match ‎  动词: rise, rose, risen, go up, set; kich; hold, held, held; grow, grew, grown; lend, lent, lent, borrow; discuss, discussion; feed, fed, fed; dig, dug, dug; die, died, died, dying, death, dead; keep, kept, kept; protect, protect…from…; scare, scared; appear, disappear; fill, be filled with; examine, discover; explain, explanation; add; mix, mixture; pour, hide, hid, hiddn; burn, burnt/burned, burnt/burned ‎  形容词, 副词: pretty, everywhere; pleasant; lovely; somewhere; shy; mad; lazy; nearly; surprised ‎  常用短语: look outside; 2. be scared to do sth. 3. in the warm sun 4. make a loud noise 5. Thanks for…/Thank you for… 6. one by one 7. fall off 8. stop doing sth. 9. wake up; wake sb. up 10. carry…away 11. grow into… 12. make…into… 13. put…outside/on/in 14. use…to do… 15. forget to do sth. 16. cover…with 17. half of… 18. in different ways 19. play with… 20. make friends with… 21. take sb. to sp. 22. slow down 23. protect…from… 24. take one’s photo/picture; take the picture/photo of sb. 25. play a joke on sb. 26. be famouse/well-known for 27. go extinct 28. on/over radio 29. fill…with… 30. do experiment 31. turn…over/ turn…upside down 32. hunt for 33. not…until 34. billions of 35. No photos.‎ ‎  重点单词讲解: 1. 程度;rather, quite, very; quite, very, rather 2. What do you want to when you grow up? Followers grow into seeds. 3. died, died; dead; death; dying; 情感、冻、饿、疾病等内部原因;事故、粗心、工作过量等外部原因而死 4. lovely“可爱的,秀美动人的”;lively“活泼的,生动的,栩栩如生的”,可作表语、定语和宾补,既可指人,又可指物;live“活的,实况转播的”;alive“活着的,存在的”,可作表语或补语,作定语时常后置;living“活着的,有生命的”,常作前置定语。‎ ‎  5. (1) surprise sb. (2) to one’s surprise; in surprise, give sb. a surprise (3) surprise, surprised, be surprised at 1. am surprised at 2. To one’s surprise ‎  6. (1) enough+名词 (2) adj+enough 两者可直接接动词不定式 (1) D (2) so big that ‎  重点短语 ‎  1. (1) be scared of sth. (2) be scared to do sth. be scared of ‎  2. day by day, year by year, step by step ‎  3. fall off, fall asleep, fall down, fall behind (1) falls asleep (2) A ‎  4. (1)protect, from (2) keep/stop, from ‎  5. No parking, No smoking, No fishing, No spitting ‎  重点句型:‎ ‎  1. A ‎  2. a quarter of…, forty percent of…, all of, some of, one of ‎  3. have been in ‎  达标测试 ‎  Ⅰ. 单词拼写 ‎  1. discussed 2. fed 3. medicine 4. surprised 5. reason 6. surprised 7. pleasant 8. furniture 9. energy 10. itself 11. pour 12. dangerous 13. Asian 14. protect 15. empty 16. match ‎  Ⅱ. 翻译句子 ‎  1. It’s rather cold, isn’t it? 2. I am scared of thunder. 3. The sun will set in 15 minutes. 4. Cover your seed with soil. 5. What are leaves for? 6. It’s pleasant to walk among the trees. 7. All the plants take energy from soil and make it into food. 8. Half of the world’s food comes from three plants. 9. Are plants important to all animals? 10. He is scared to talk to headmaster. 11. We need hats to protect us from the sun. 12. Zoos help people to stop animals from going extinct. 13. Mark Twain liked to play joke on someone. 14. Egypt is famous for pyramids.‎ ‎  能力提高 ‎  A 1. was built 2. was 3. to use 4. have become 5. are 6. be made 7. are getting 8. will be 9. are 10. be put 11. works 12. doing ‎  B 1. was 2. have stayed 3. is using 4. surprised 5. was doing 6. must say 7. running 8. to get 9. Tell 10. will forget ‎  My dream birthday ‎  I dream of a wonderful birthday party. First, I’ll invite all of my good friends to the party. I think mom will buy me a big birthday cake. I like the one with lots of strawberry hat. That will be fantastic.‎ ‎  Then we’ll put colorful candles on the cake and take photos together. After that, we’ll have a big dinner happily. At last, we’ll play games together. We’ll sing and dance for the whole night. How happy I will be!‎ 初二(八年级)下册英语第五单元知识点 ‎  初二(八年级)下册英语第五单元知识点主要是依据初二(八年级)下册英语教材,从引导条件状语从句等重要的知识点、基础训练总结了初二(八年级)下册英语第五单元知识点,适合初二学生学习英语、中考考生备考英语。‎ ‎  1.If引导的条件状语从句:1)构成:if引导的条件状语从句表示“如果…”。构成形式为“主句+一般将来时时态+if从句+一般现在时态”,或“If从句+一般现在时态,主句+一般将来时态”。2)用法:表示假设或条件 ‎  2.half 与half of的用法:1)half the class中的“half”为形容词,意思“一半的,半个的”2) “half of+代词/the+名词”中的half为名词,意思为“一半,半个”。当该结构在句子作主语时,谓语动词必须和该词组中的代词或名词保持数的一致。即当代词或名词为单数时,谓语动词用第三人称单数形式;若所接名词或代词为复数,则谓语动词用复数形式。‎ ‎  3. all the time与always: all the time是个副词性的短语,意思为“一直”“始终”,表示某一特定阶段开始一直到结束,不表示频度,多置于句末。除此,all the time还有“不断”的意思;always为表示频度的副词,意思为“总是”,表示动作的反复,状态的继续,中间没有间断,其反义词为never。它与进行时态连用时,常翻译成“总是”,“老是”,带有赞美,厌烦,不满等感情色彩。‎ ‎  4.Enough的用法:1)enough to do sth表示“足够…可以做…”2)enough也可以用“for+宾语+to do sth的结构”3)enough修饰名词时前面不用冠词4)当主语是代词时,enough可以作表语。当主语是名词时,enough不能做表语。‎ ‎  5.Choose的用法:1)choose+名词 意思为“选择…”;2)choose+between/from从…中选择;3)choose to do选择做某事 ‎  6.Exercise的用法:1)运动,锻炼,是不可数名词2)体操,练习,是可数名词。3)动词,使….运动 ‎  7.wear, put on, have on, dress: wear“穿着”“戴着”,表示状态,是延续性动词,一般现在时表示经常状态,现在进行时表示暂时状态;put on“穿上”“戴上”,表示动作,是非延续性动词;have on“穿着”“戴着”,表示状态可以与wear互换;dress“穿上”“穿着”,既表示状态,也表示动作,既可以作及物动词,也可以作不及物动词。Dress作及物动词,表示“给自己或别人穿(衣服)”,宾语是人,常用被动语态。dress oneself给。。穿衣服。dress up化装 ‎  8.a lot, a lot of与lots of三者都有“许多,很多”的意思。a lot of, lots of一般用于肯定句,后接可数名词复数或不可数名词;a lot作名词时=a lot of thins,作副词,修饰动词或形容词,副词比较级。‎ 基础达标 ‎  Ⅰ. 仔细阅读对话,选择恰当的答语。‎ ‎  1. If I see him again, I ________ (tell) him what you said.‎ ‎  2. What _________ (happen) if they don’t agree with each other?‎ ‎  3. If you give me time, I ________ (find) the solution.‎ ‎  4. What will he say if he ever ________ (discover) the truth?‎ ‎  5. If the train ________ (be) on time, it will be here in ten minutes.‎ ‎  Ⅱ. 连接句子。‎ ‎  (  ) 1. … get a speeding ticket.‎ ‎  (  ) 2. …have to leave the room.‎ ‎  (  ) 3. …look like a rock star.‎ ‎  (  ) 4. …feel sorry.‎ ‎  (  ) 5. …pass the examination.‎ ‎  (a) If your dad drives too fast, he’ll…‎ ‎  (b) If you don't come to the party today, you’ll…‎ ‎  (c) When you study hard, you can…‎ ‎  (d) If you chew gum in class, you’ll…‎ ‎  (e) When you dye your hair green, you…‎ ‎  Ⅲ. 用括号内所给动词的正确时态填空。‎ ‎  1. I’m afraid I ____________ (get) a cold tomorrow.‎ ‎  2. There ____________ (be) a film tomorrow morning.‎ ‎  3. Look! The children ____________ (swim) in the river.‎ ‎  4. --- What time ____________ she ____________ (leave) home every day?‎ ‎  --- At 8 o’clock.‎ ‎  5. We hear he ____________ (return) next month.‎ 能力提升 ‎  Ⅰ. 单项选择 ‎  1. I _______ to bed until my granny came back home.‎ ‎  A. didn’t     B. went       C. had gone     D. have gone ‎  2. I’ll let you know as soon as he __________ back.‎ ‎  A. comes      B. will come    C. is coming    D. come ‎  3. We will have a sports meeting if it _________ rain tomorrow.‎ ‎  A. won’t      B. isn’t       C. don’t      D. doesn’t ‎  4. You are sure to pass the exam ________ you study hard.‎ ‎  A. if        B. though       C. that      D. because ‎  5. Betty didn’t go to see the film yesterday _________ she was ill.‎ ‎  A. because     B. but        C. until       D .if ‎  6. My brother is younger than I. But he is not so tall ________ I.‎ ‎  A. to        B. than       C. as        D. that ‎  7. Li Ming didn’t know anything about it _______ I told him.‎ ‎  A. after       B. until       C. if        D. because ‎  8. The old man was ______ weak ______ he couldn’t get on the train.‎ ‎  A. so, that     B. very, that     C. too, as     D. too, to ‎  9. He is rich, ______ he isn’t happy.‎ ‎  A. or        B. so        C. and       D. but ‎  10. We won’t go to the Great Wall if it ___________ the day after tomorrow.‎ ‎  A. won’t rain    B. is raining     C. rains       D. doesn’t rain ‎11. I will give the message to him __________he comes back.‎ ‎  A. before     B. since      C. as soon as    D. until ‎  12. He is listening to the music _______ he is washing clothes.‎ ‎  A. after      B. before      C. that       D. while ‎  13. I’ll write to him _____.‎ ‎  A. as soon as possible          B. as soon as he can ‎  C. as quick as possible          D. as quick as I can ‎  14. I will _____ a message on his desk.‎ ‎  A. put     B. give     C. leave    D. take ‎  15. I was _____ tired, so I went to bed early.‎ ‎  A. a little    B. a bit    C. much    D. too ‎  Ⅱ. 完形填空 ‎  When a friend was visiting David, it began ____1___. So David told him____2____that night. “You may stay here_____3_____the night,” he said. “OK,” answered his friend.‎ ‎  But_____4____minutes______5______, the friend went out. He didn't tell David where_____6______going nor(也没有)did he ask for an umbrella.‎ ‎  When David was about_____7_____, his friend____8_____. He was all wet through.‎ ‎  “Where____9___you_____9_____?”asked David.‎ ‎  “I have been______10_______,”answered the friend, “to tell my mother that I'll not go home tonight because of the rain.”‎ ‎  1. A. raining       B. to rain     C. rain      D. rains ‎  2. A. to go not home   B. don't to go home ‎  C. not to go home   D. doesn't to go home ‎  3. A. for         B. to        C. of       D. up ‎  4. A. few         B. little      C. a little    D. a few ‎  5. A. late         B. after       C. lately     D. later ‎  6. A. is he        B. was he      C. he is      D. he was ‎  7. A. to go to sleep   B. to go to bed ‎  C. going to bed     D. go to bed ‎  8. A. returned       B. returns      C. to return    D. returning ‎  9. A. have…gone     B. have…been to ‎  C. has…gone       D. have…been ‎  10. A. to home      B. home to      C. home      D. homed ‎ 初二(八年级)下册英语第六单元知识点 ‎  依据初二(八年级)下册英语第六单元教材,总结了现在完成时和现在完成进行时之间的区别、主动语态和被动语态的用法,适合初二学生学习英语、中考考生备考英语。‎ ‎  1.现在完成时的意义:‎ ‎  1)表示过去发生的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。常用的时间状语有already, yet,ever, never, just等 ‎  2)表示从过去已经开始,持续到现在的动作或状态,常常和表示一段时间的状语连用。常见的表示一段时间的状语有:for+一段时间,since+时间点。‎ ‎  2)构成形式:助动词have/has+动词的过去分词 ‎  3)a.It?is?the?first?/?second?time….?that…结构中的从句部分,用现在完成时。‎ ‎  b.This?is?the…?that…结构,that?从句要用现在完成时.‎ ‎  注意:非延续性动词的否定形式可以与表示延续时间的状语连用。即动作不发生的状态是可以持续的。‎ ‎  2.怎样区别现在完成时和现在完成进行时现在让我们来比较一下现在完成时和现在完成进行时。在比较这两个时态时,关键在于对现在完成进行时的基本概念是否理解,因为对于现在完成时我们已经有了一个基本的理解了。‎ ‎  现在完成进行时是一兼有现在完成时和现在进行时二者基本特点的时态。由于它有现在完成时的特点,所以它可以表示某一动作对现在产生的结果或影响。由于它有现在进行时的特点,所以它也可以表示某一动作的延续性、临时性、重复性、生动性乃至感情色彩。‎ ‎  现在就现在完成进行时的这些特点和现在完成时作一简单的比较:‎ ‎  (1)现在完成进行时和现在完成时皆可表示动作对现在产生的结果,但前者所表示的结果是直接的,而后者所表示的则是最后的结果。‎ ‎  (2)现在完成进行时有时有延续性,现在完成时往往没有。如:‎ ‎  Mr. Smith has been living in London since 1978.(a)‎ ‎  Mr. Smith has lived in London since 1979.(b)‎ ‎  (a)句有“史密斯先生在伦敦久居”的含义,(b)句则没有。‎ ‎  (3)但现在完成进行时并不总是具有临时的性质,如:‎ ‎  My moth! er has been teaching English for twenty years.(a)‎ ‎  My mother has taught English for twenty years.(b)‎ ‎  (a)句在此并无临时性质,但较口语化。(b)句则较为正式。又,(a)句表示动作现在仍在继续.并将延续下去,(b)句的动作是否延续下去,须由上下文决定,但在一般情况下都是延续下去的。‎ ‎  (4)现在完成进行时往往表示动作在重复,现在完成时则常常不带重复性。如:‎ ‎  Have you been meeting her lately?(a)‎ ‎  Have you met her lately?(b)‎ ‎  (a)句有“经常相会”之意,(b)句则没有。(b)句如与often,every day等时间状语连用,当然也表示动作在重复。‎ ‎  (5)现在完成进行时比较生动,有时含有明显的感情色彩,而现在完成时往往只说明一个事实,一种影响或结果,平铺直叙,没有什么感情色彩可言。如:‎ ‎  What have you been doing?(a)‎ ‎  What have you done?(b)‎ ‎  (a)句表示惊异。(b)句只是一个问题。‎ ‎  下面还有一例,颇为有趣:‎ ‎  Who's been eating my apples?(a)‎ ‎  Who's eaten my apples?(b)‎ (a) 句有强烈的感情色彩,表示愤怒不满,(b)句只是希望回答的一个问题。又,(a)句兼有进行时态,所以有“苹果未被全部吃光”的意思,(b)句是完成时态,说明“苹果一个不剩了”。‎ ‎ 3.现在完成进行时的含义:表示过去某一时间开始到现在经常重复的动作。‎ ‎  现在完成进行时的构成:助动词have/has been+v.ing形式。当主语为第三人称单数十,助动词用has,其他人称用have.‎ ‎  现在完成进行时的用法:主要表示现在以前这一段时间里一直在进行的一个动作,这个动作可能仍然在进行,也可能停止了一会儿。‎ ‎  4。for 的用法:1)在回答How long…?的问句时,for表示所指时间或距离的全部,在这个含义上与表示“特定期间中某个长度”的during 不同。2)可以用在过去时,现在时,将来时中,但是若表示持续进行到现在为止时,则不能用现在时,而要用现在完成时。3)表示某事物在所述时间要发生。‎ ‎  5.since 用法:1)conj.自…以后;自从,后接从句表示以过去的某个时间为起点,持续到现在或过去的某个时候。Since之后可以接过去时的句子,也可以接表示过去的时间点。2)prep.自…来,从…(至今)‎ ‎  【注意】since除了可以与现在完成时连用外,还可以与过去完成时,现在完成进行时连用。‎ ‎  【扩展】since, for都可以与完成时态连用。Since用来说明动作的起始时间,而for用来说明动作延续时间,因此,since后跟表示某一时间点的名词短语,for后面跟表示一段时间的名词短语。‎ ‎  6.each 的用法:1)adj.各个的,各自的,每一个的。置于单数可数名词之前。2)pron.各个,各自。谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎  Each, every: each指两个或两个以上的人或事物中的“每个”;every指三个以上的人或事物的全体,和all的意思相近;every只修饰单数名词,谓语动词用单数,each为形容词修饰单数名词,谓语动词为单数。作代词,单独使用,接单数动词,放在复数名词和代词后作同位语,接复数谓语动词;代表each与every的物主代词可以用his也可以用their.‎ ‎  【扩展】each of之后接名词或代词的复数形式,接名词时一定要附加the或my等词,即“each of+代词的复数形式”或“each of+the/my+名词的复数形式”,但谓语动词要用单数形式。‎ ‎  7.ago与before“以前”:ago表示从现在算起一段时间“以前”,和动词的一般过去时连用。放在所修饰词的后面。Before则表示从过去某时算起若干时间以前,用于完成时。ago,before前可以与具体时间连用“多少时间之前”‎ ‎  8.含有half的表达方式:数词+名词(单/复数)+and +a half; 数词+and+a half+名词(复数)‎ ‎  9.Because, since, as, for:四个词都表示“原因”的连词。以上连词的语气由强到弱依次为because-since-as-for其中because,since,as从属连词,引导原因状语从句;for为并列连词,连接两个并列句。a)because“因为”,表示直接原因回答why的提问,一般放在主句之后,可单独存在。b)since“因为”“既然”,侧重主句从句表示虽然的或已知的理由。c)as“由于”,主从句并重,从句说明原因,主句说明结果。d)for“因为,由于”,表明附加或推断的理由,引导的从句前常有逗号,for从句不放在句首。‎ ‎  10.Probably副词,相当于almost certainly,意思为“或许,大概,很可能”一般不放在not等含有否定意义的词之后。‎ ‎  11.run out, run out of: run out“用完了”,主语通常为时间,食物,金钱,不用于被动语态;run out of“用完了”,表示主动含义,主语一般为人,多用于进行时和完成时。‎ ‎  14.Teach的用法:teach sb sth教某人学某事;teach doing教导做…, 教…;teach sb to do教某人做某事;teach sb+that从句 教育人….‎ ‎  15.被动语态:1)被动语态的基本构成形式:主语+助动词be+构成形式2)被动语态的时态:被动语态的时态是通过助动词be的变化来体现。这个助动词必须与主语的人称和数相一致。3)主动语态和被动语态的结构相比(箭头表示动作方向)‎ ‎  主动语态:主语(动作发出者)→谓语(及物动词)→宾语(动作承受者)‎ ‎  被动语态:主语(动作承受者)←谓语(be+动词过去分词)←宾语(动作发出者)‎ He wrote the letter. →The letter was written by him.‎ ‎ 4)主动句变被动句的基本句式:‎ ‎  a) 主:主语+助动词(情态动词)+谓语+宾语 ‎  被:主语(原宾语)+助动词(情态动词)+be+动词过去分词+by+原主语 ‎  如,We will help him.→He will be helped by us.‎ ‎  主:主语+动词短语+宾语 ‎  被:主语(圆宾语)+be+动词短语的过去分词+by+原主语 ‎  如,They looked after the babies.→The babies were looked after by them.‎ ‎  主:主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语 ‎  被:主语(间接宾语)+be+动词过去分词+原直接宾语 ‎  主语(直接宾语))+be+动词过去分词+to(for)+原间接宾语+(by+原主语)‎ ‎  如,We gave him some magazines.→He was given some magazines.‎ ‎  Some magazines were given to him by us.‎ ‎  【注意】一般将主动句中表示人的间接宾语变为被动句中的主语。‎ ‎  主:主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语 ‎  被:主语(原宾语)+be+过去分词+原宾语补足语 ‎  如,They elected him their monitor.→He was elected their monitor.‎ ‎  【注意】如果主动句中宾语补足语是不带to的不定式,变成被动语态后一般要加to.‎ ‎  I saw him go to the church.→He was seen to go to the church.‎ ‎  【扩展】一般在以下几种情形时,需要使用被动语态。‎ ‎  不知道动作的执行者,只知道动作的承受者时。‎ ‎  When we got there, the room had been cleaned already.‎ ‎  不必要说出或出于礼貌不便说出动作的执行者时。‎ ‎  I was told that you were not honest enough.‎ ‎  3)有必要突出或强调动作的承受者时。‎ ‎  You were asked to answer this question.‎ ‎  16.if与whether:if和whether均可用于宾语从句中,意为“是否”;if用于条件句中,表示“如果”,不能和or连用;whether常与or连用,表示两种条件或情况。‎ ‎  【扩展】if not..如果不是…,表示惊讶或憎恶等情绪;if only意为“若…那就好了,我多么希望…”相当于how I wish;only..if..意为“决不…除非…”‎ ‎  If it hadn’t been for the doctor’s care, I should not be speaking to you now.如果不是医生的照顾,我现在就不会和你说话了。‎ ‎  If only he arrives in time!若他及时到达就好了。‎ ‎  I’ll only come if you promise me that you won’t invite Henry.除非你答应不请亨利,否则我不会来。‎ 初二(八年级)下册英语第七单元知识点 ‎  依据初二(八年级)下册英语第七单元教材,总结了重点字词、词语的基本用法、同义词改写及典型试题的用法,适合初二学生学习英语、中考考生备考英语。‎ ‎  ☆重点归纳☆‎ ‎  话题Make requests ‎  功能项目Apologize ‎  词汇mind 介意 not at all一点也不 turn down调低 yard院子 dish盘堞 brought bring 的过去式 line排;队 polite有理貌的 perhaps或许;大概 door门 voice声音 return归还;返回 term 术语Asian亚洲的;亚洲人的 Europe欧洲 impolite无礼的;粗鲁的 allow允许;承认 public公众 cough 咳嗽smoke抽烟,吸烟drop扔;丢 litter垃圾 pick…up 捡起 behavior 行为;举止 ‎ solution解答;解决办法 annoyed恼怒的;生气的 clothing衣服 normal正常的;正规的 etiquette礼节 sneeze打喷嚏;表现 politely客气的;斯文的 cigarette香烟;卷烟;纸烟 criticize ‎  批判 careful 小心;当心 ‎  短语right away立刻;马上 at a meeting在开会 cut in line插队 the way to place 去…的路 spend sth. Onin doing sth.花费9时间(金钱)去做某事 not at all 根本不,一点也不 in a minute立刻;马上 no problem 没问题 get annoyed变得气恼 be good for 对…有益 ‎  句型--Would you mind moving your bike ?‎ ‎  ---Not at all .I’ll do it right away.‎ ‎  ---Could you please take out the trash ?‎ ‎  ---Sorry ,I’ll do it right away.‎ ‎  语法要点 学会提出请求 ‎  would you mind + 动名词结构 ‎  would you mind cleaningyour room ?‎ ‎  would you mind not playing basketball here?‎ ‎  Would you mind moving your car?‎ ‎  学习表示歉意 ‎  I’m sorry ,I’ll do it right away ‎  Sorry, we’ll go and play in the park .‎ ‎  No,not at all .‎ ‎  基本用法:1)Would you mind doing?=Do you mind doing..?“你介意…?” “请你…好不好?”是一种比较客气的表达方式。‎ ‎  2)如果要表示“请你不要做…好吗?”只需在doing 前面加not.‎ 应答用语:‎ ‎  1)如果同意表示不介意时,可用如下用语来表达:Certainly not.; Of course not.;No,not at all.;Not at all.“好,可以”‎ ‎  2)如果不同意表示介意时,常用“Sorry.”“I’m sorry, but…”及陈述某种理由来表示拒绝或反对。;这一句型中的逻辑主语只能是谈话的对方you,如果想要对方允许自己做某事,可以用 “Would you mind my doing..?句型。‎ ‎  形容词与副词之间的转化:1)以le结尾去e变y,possible→possibly;2)在形容词后直接加ly,usual→usually;3)在以辅音字母+e结尾直接加ly,wide→widely;4)以元音字母+e结尾,去e加ly,true→truly;5)以辅音字母+y结尾变y为i+ly,happy→happily ‎  put on, wear, dress,have on, in: put on强调动作过程“穿上”为瞬间动词;wear表示结果或状态“穿着”,持续动词;dress强调穿的动作,后面不能跟宾语(衣服)等,还可以作名词,意思是“服装”,dress up化装,dress oneself 给某人穿衣服,dress in穿衣服,have on表示“穿…”,相当于wear,但没有进行时态;in介词,后跟表示颜色的名词,表示穿着某种颜色的衣服。‎ ‎  in a minute, soon等多用于将来时,表示即将去做某事 ‎  in+时间段,after+时间段:1)“in+时间段”只能用于一般将来时,“after+时间段”可以用于过去时和将来时2)当二者都用于将来时的时候“in+时间段”表示从现在算起在一定时间内,动作将在未来一周之内的某一个具体时间内发生。“after+时间段”是从这段时间之后算起,动作将在这段时间之后发生。‎ ‎  very, too, so, quite以上几个副词均修饰形容词,副词表示程度,“很,太,非常”;very应用最普遍“很”,只是一个表示程度的副词,它表示的程度比quite要强得多,very只用来修饰形容词和副词的原级;too“太”,一般表示“相对某人而言”;so“如此…,那么…”,往往表明某一事物的程度时,会引起另一种后果。换言之,so所修饰的人或物表示原因后面会有表示结果的句子。So…that…如此…以致于;quite既可以表示充分肯定,意思是 “完全;十分”,也可以表示程度,意思是“完全,十分”,也可以表示程度,意思是“相当”,quite可修饰动词,v.ing,形容词,副词,分词等。quite a +adj+n. a very+adj.+n ‎  move from…to …从…搬到…,迁移;move on继续向前走 ‎  yet, already,still:yet用于疑问句中,意为“现在,已经”;用于否定句中,意为“还没”;already与still用于肯定句中,already意为“已经”,still意为“还,仍然”,already若用于疑问句中,表示惊讶或意外;yet与still都可以修饰比较级,意为“更加,益发”。‎ ‎  put away收好,储蓄,放弃;put down放下,扑灭,写下;put…into…把…翻译成…;put off延期;put up举起,张贴,修建;put on穿上,上演 ‎  See的用法:1)see+从句,意为“看到…,留意…”如,I saw that you weren’t among the students.2)see sb do sth.看到某人做某事;see sb doing看到某人正在做某事;see+名词 看到 ‎  voice, sound, noise:在这组词中,voice可以作名词或动词;sound可以作名词,动词,形容词和副词;noise只能用作名词。这里仅就它们作名词表示“声音”时的用法进行辨析。1)voice专指人的声音(如说话,唱歌,笑的时候发出的声音等)。偶尔也指禽,虫鸣叫的声音,但一般不用于指其他动物的叫声。2)sound表示能听见的任何声音。3)noise通常是指大而令人不快的噪音,嘈杂声,喧闹声等。4)sound和noise常与动词make连用,而voice则不能和make连用。‎ ‎  take care意为“当心”,可单独使用或后接从句和动词不定式。同义词组为be careful和look out;take a seat坐下同义词组为sit down;take an interest in对…感兴趣;take away拿走,使离开,消失;take back收回(语言,话语);take care of照顾,注意,保养;take charge of负责,接管;take down拿下来,取下来,记下来,拆除;take for granted 想当然,认为,后接宾语从句,此时常以it作形式宾语;take hold of抓住;take in接受,理解,包括;take off脱下,匆匆离开,起飞,停止使用;take office就职;take on接受,雇佣;take out取出,带。..出来;take part in参加;take place发生,没有被动语态;take pride in为。..感到自豪;take sb’s place代替某人;take up从事,占用;take it easy不要过于紧张,别着急。 ‎ ‎☆典型试题☆‎ ‎  例1同义句改写 ‎  Please help your younger brother learn to swim .‎ ‎  1)Would you mind ___________?‎ ‎  2)Could you please ________________?‎ ‎  3)You have to ____________________‎ ‎  4)You must ________________________‎ ‎  〖解题思路〗 would you mind +doing 是提建议的交际用语,后接动词ing形式,除此之外“could” 后面跟动词原型。“have to”后面跟动词原型。情态动词“can ,may ,must” 后面都跟动词原型。因此答案为 ‎  1)helping your younger brother learn to swim ‎  2)help your younger brother learn to swim ‎  3)help your younger brother learn to swim ‎  4)help your younger brother learn to swim ‎  例2:Would you mind _______the new words for me ?‎ ‎  A copy B copying ‎  C to copy D copied ‎  〖解题思路〗mind 后接动名词,故选B 初二(八年级)下册英语第八单元知识点 ‎  依据初二(八年级)下册英语第八单元教材,总结了情态动词的用法,适合初二学生学习英语、中考考生备考英语。‎ ‎  get, receive,accept:get有“得到”“获得”的意思,在表示“获得”某物时,可能是被动接受也有可能是主动争取;receive指收到了什么东西,不一定接受,receive a letter from…收到…的来信;accept着重指以愉悦的态度或经过自己的争取而得到或取得某物。‎ ‎  情态动词should:1)表示义务,意为“应该,应当,最好”,比must较为委婉;2)与疑问词连用,表示意外,纳闷,惊讶等,意为“究竟是…;到底…”.‎ ‎  表示建议:1)How/What about+名词/代词/动词-ing形式?2)Why don’t you +动词原形?=Why not+动词原形?3)Let’s…以let’s开头的祈使句,表示建议对方和自己一起做某事。Let’s后接动词原形。4)Shall we…?以Shall we…?开头的疑问句,用于建议对方和自己一起做某事。回答时如赞成,常用Yes, let’s.‎ ‎  too…to……而不能…,to后面接动词原形具有否定含义。这一句型常可以转换成so…that…句型。当这种too…to…句型转换成so…that句型时,为保持句意的一致,that引导的结果状语从句要根据时态用情态动词can’t或couldn’t加动词原形,that从句中的谓语动词要带宾语。‎ ‎  The boy is too young to go to school.=The boy is so young that he can’t go to school.‎ ‎  The box is too big for me to carry.= The box is so big that I can’t carry it.‎ ‎  【注意】当动词不定式和主语在逻辑上构成动宾关系时,该动词后面不能再用it或them作宾语,该动词如果是不及物动词,则必须在其后面加上相当的介词或副词,方可与主语构成搭配。如,The ice is too thin for me to skate on.‎ ‎  instead, instead of: instead为副词,在句中独立作状语,instead of为介词短语,后面一般接名词,代词,介词和接动词-ing形式。‎ ‎  for example, such as: for example例如,诸如。多作插入语,当它表示“例如“时,其后面必须有逗号;such as相当于like,意思为 “象…那样,例如,诸如”,其后面直接加名词。‎ ‎  contest, compete,contend三者都有“竞争”的含义,均为动词:contest指在竞争中毫无保留地展示自己;compete指在体育或辩论等需要竞争的活动中,为征服或取胜而进行的努力。有时暗指在奖赏的鼓励或刺激下进行竞争;contend暗示竞争的紧张程度。通常指双方成功的机会相等,所以为取胜或征服对方就需要艰苦的努力。强调奋斗或斗争的必要性。‎ ‎  contest,competition:contest指双方或多方对垒比赛,多指体育比赛,并且在比赛中的每一个人或每一个队都力图战胜对方;competition多指能力,技巧,知识等方面的比赛,竞争。‎ ‎  By的用法:by后跟表示交通工具的名词,意思为“乘,坐”;by意思为“凭借,用,靠”,表示方法或手段,常与v.-ing连用;by意思为“在…旁边”,用来表示地点,意义和用法近似于beside;by意思为“按照…,根据…”;by意思为“经过”,后常跟go, run, walk之类的动词;by用于被动语态中,后跟的名词表示行为的执行者,意思为“被,由”;by意思为“按…(计算)”,用来表示计量;by oneself独自;by the way顺便 ‎  as well的同义词为too,意思是“也”;as well as意思为“同,和,也”。用来连接名词和代词等。谓语动词用单数还是复数形式,要根据as well as前的名词或代词确定。与动词连用时,用v-ing形式;as well as同义词组为not only…but also…但侧重顺序不同。‎ 初二(八年级)下册英语第九单元知识点 ‎  现在完成时表示发生或已经完成的某一动作对现在造成的影响或结果。通常表示短暂动作或位置转移的动词(非延续性动词,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用;也可以表示过去开始,一直延续到现在的动作或状态。也就上说,现在完成时虽与过去有关,但实际上强调的是对现在的影响或结果,句中谓语动词通常是延续性动词,且常与表示一段时间状语连用(these days,all this year, recently,for+时间段,since+时间点)‎ ‎  通常与现在完成时连用的几个副词:already,recently,just, ever,never,before,yet等。表示不确定时间的时间词连用。Already,just多用于肯定句;yet,ever,never多用于疑问句或否定句。‎ ‎  现在完成时的结构:主语+have/has+动词过去分词 ‎  have been to, have gone to:have been to“到过某地”说话时此人很可能不在那里,已经回来,侧重指经历;have gone to“已经去了某地”,说话时此人在那里,或可能在路上,反正不在说话现场。‎ ‎  neither开头的倒装句:在英语中“Neither+助动词/情态动词/+主语”这个倒装结构是一种否定形式,表示“两者都不”。如,I can’t work out the problem. Neither can Li Ming.‎ ‎  be from, come from:两者都为“从…来,出自…”;表示“出身于…”,应用come from ‎  【注意】问别人的出身或叙述自己的出身时,时态一定要用一般现在时,如果时态为一般过去时,则表示“从…地方来”。‎ ‎  7.Population的用法:1)population是个集合名词,意思为“人口,人数”,常用来指人口的总称。被看作一个整体时,一般不加-s,在句中作主语时,谓语动词多用单数形式。如,The population of China is about1,300,000,000.‎ ‎  2)如果指一个整体中有多少人数是干什么的时候,谓语动词要用复数形式,这时强调的是一部分人。如,Half of the population in that country are farmers.3)表示“…的人口”时,既可用“the population of+地名”,也可用“the population in +地点”,作主语中心词时谓语动词用单数形式。如,The population in Shenyang is about 8 million.4)表示某国,某城市有多少人口时,用have/has a population of…结构。如,New Zealand has a population of 3,800,000.5)对人口数量提问用what或what large.用large或big表示人口多,用small表示人口少。‎ ‎  8.If的用法:if引导的条件状语从句表示“如果…”。构成形式为“主句+一般将来时态+if从句+一般现在时态”,或“If从句+一般现在时态,主句+一般将来时态”;if还可以引导虚拟语气,表示假设的情况或是发生的可能性不大的情况,从句用过去的某种时态。‎ ‎  9.Sleepy,sleeping:sleepy可作表语或定语,意思为“想睡的,困的”,可用very 修饰;sleeping所修饰的名词可以是人也可以是物。‎ 初二(八年级)下册英语第十单元知识点 ‎   反意疑问句:‎ ‎  1)反意疑问句的含义:当对所陈述的某种情况不确定而反问对方时,常用反意疑问句来表达。‎ ‎  2)反意疑问句的构成:陈述句+简略疑问句→前部分肯定陈述句+后部分否定疑问句;前部分否定陈述句+后部分肯定疑问句。‎ ‎  3)使用反意疑问句时的注意事项:‎ ‎  a.前后两部分要在人称上保持一致。‎ ‎  b.时态要保持一致(或动词要保持一致)‎ ‎  c.回答的一致性(特别注意中文翻译)。‎ ‎  注意:yes与no后面的回答部分要一致。‎ ‎  4)使用反意疑问句时的特殊情况:‎ ‎  a.在祈使句后进行附加疑问句时,用will you表示请求。‎ ‎  b.在Let’s后面,常用shall we,表示征询意见。‎ ‎  c.在Let us…后面进行附加疑问时,用will you,这一点属于祈使句范围。‎ ‎  d 在英语口语中,I am 后面的附加疑问句部分常用aren’t I .‎ ‎ e 由nothing作主语的句子,附加问句中人称代词用it.f.由nobody作主语的句子,附加问句中用they代替nobody ‎ g.如果陈述句部分主语是everyone,someone,anyone,no one等不定代词,其附加疑问句部分的主语可以用he,也可用they.h There be…后面的附加疑问句部分仍用there. ‎ ‎ i.s如果陈述句部分含有否定副词never,few,little等词时,则其附加疑问句部分用肯定形式。‎ ‎  J.反意疑问句要求用yes或no来回答,当陈述句部分为否定形式时,回答要特别注意两种语言的表达习惯的不同,注意根据实际情况前后保持一致。‎ ‎  cost, price:cost作名词时表示“费用”,通常指服务费,学习费,生活费或房租费等,price通常指具体物品的价格。询问价钱用how much来提问。‎ ‎  at lest:至少,最少。其中least为little的最高级,little的比较级为less; 无论如何 ‎  Prepare的用法:‎ ‎  1)prepare for为…做准备,相当于get ready for ‎  2)prepare+名词+for +名词,意思为“为…准备…”‎ ‎  3)prepare+名词+to do sth意思为“为…而做准备。”‎ ‎  4)prepare to do准备做某事。‎