绝对经典中考英语复合句复习资料 4页

中考连接（二）——复合句 复合句是初中英语句型中的重点及难点，同时它也是历年中考的重点测试内容，是中考必考之题。复合句有两个或两个以上的主谓结构。主谓结构之间的关系不是并列的、对等的，其中只有一个主谓结构是主要的，其他的主谓结构都从属于那个主要的主谓结构。那个主要的主谓结构称作句子的主句（Main Clause）；其他的主谓结构称作句子的从句或子句（Subordinate Clause）。 复合句里的从句种类较多，初中英语教材中涉及到的复合句主要有：The Object Clause (宾语从句)、The Adverbial Clause (状语从句) 和 The Attributive Clause (定语从句)。 下面让我们来看一下复合句中的三种主要句型吧！‎ Ⅰ、The Object Clause (宾语从句)‎ ‎ 一、定义：宾语从句是英语中用来充当宾语的句子。带有宾语从句的那个句子叫主句。宾语从句一般由“引导词+主语+谓语+其它”构成，其语序是陈述句语序。我们可以从以下表格中学习有关于宾语从句的知识。‎ 构成规则 ‎ 例句 连 接 词 连词that引导由陈述句变来的宾语从句。‎ I know(that)she is a doctor.‎ that…and/but that…引导由并列或转折关系的陈述句变来的宾语从句。‎ I hear that you live in Shanghai and that your mother lives in Nanjing.‎ 连词if或whether引导由一般疑问句、反义疑问句或选择疑问句变来的宾语从句。‎ Can you tell me if/whether it will rain tomorrow?‎ 连接代词、副词（即疑问词）引导由特殊疑问句变来的宾语从句。‎ Please tell me how to make cakes.‎ 语序 宾语从句要用陈述句语序 Do you know how I can get there?‎ 否定前移 如果主句的主语是第一人称，谓语动词think,guess,believe等表示猜测的动词且接有否定的that宾语从句，常将否定词提前到主句中 I don’t think that your mother is a teacher.‎ 时态 如果主句是一般现在时，则宾语从句中时态不限，根据实际情况选择所需时态。‎ I hear Tom went to Beijing yesterday.‎ He says that Lily will go to the zoo tomorrow.‎ 如果主句是一般过去时则宾语从句应与主句中的时态保持一致，只用过去时态的适当形式。‎ My teacher told us that she had seen the film last month. ‎ 如果从句表示的是客观事实或真理，则用一般现在时。‎ Our teacher said that the earth is round.‎ 如果宾语从句由疑问词when引导的从句或带有时间状语的从句中则从句使用的一般过去时不变。‎ We wanted to know when the boy was born.‎ 如果宾语从句中有过去的具体的年、月、日作状语，则其一般过去时保持不变。‎ I heard that Li Ming was born in 1902.‎ 二、转换：‎ ‎ 由连接代词和连接副词引导的宾语从句可用疑问代词和疑问副词＋动词不定式替代，进行句型上的转换。‎ e.g.Can you tell me how I can get there?=Can you tell me how to get there?‎ Ⅱ. The Adverbial Clause (状语从句)‎ 状语从句是副词性从句，其句法功能是修饰谓语或整个句子等，在句中作状语，通常由从属连词引导。‎ A)The Adverbial Clause of Time (时间状语从句)‎ ‎1) Introduced by when ‎(表示主句的动作和从句的动作同时或先后发生，意为“当…..时”。)‎ e.g. Please call me when you get home.‎ ‎2) Introduced by before ‎ (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“在……之前”。)‎ ‎ e.g. Don’t go to bed before you finish your homework.‎ ‎3) Introduced by after ‎ (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“在……之后”。)‎ ‎ e.g. I went to the zoo after I finish my work.‎ ‎4) Introduced by until ‎ (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之前，意为“直到……为止”。主句用肯定式，谓语是延续性的动词，表示动作一直延续到until所表示的时间为止)‎ ‎ e.g. I will wait until he comes.‎ ‎ 注意: (until 用于否定句时，主句的动作发生在从句的动作之前，并且谓语动词是非延续性动词，表示某一动作到until所表示的时间才发生。not…untill 意为“直到……才……”。）‎ ‎ e.g. The mother won’t go to bed unitl her son comes back.‎ ‎5) Introduced by as soon as ‎ (表示主句发生的动作发生在从句动作之后，意为“一……就”。)‎ ‎ e.g.We have supper as soon as we get home everyday.‎ 注意: 在时间状语从句中，主句和从句之间的时态应按下列规律确定。‎ ‎1) 主句一般将来时，从句用一般现在时：‎ e.g. I will be a teacher when I grow up.‎ ‎2) 主句含有情态动词，从句用一般现在时：‎ e.g. When the lights are red, the traffic must stop.‎ ‎3) 主句为祈使句时，从句用一般现在时：‎ e.g. Don’t close the door before your mother comes back.‎ ‎4) 主句为一般过去时，从句也用过去时态：‎ e.g. He liked playing football when he was young.‎ B)The Adverbial Clause of Place (地点状语从句)‎ ‎1) Introduced by where e.g. Put the medicine where you can easily get it.‎ ‎2) Introduced by wherever e.g. I’ll go wherever you go.‎ C)The Adverbial Clause of Manner(方式状语从句)‎ ‎1) Introduced by as e.g. I’ll do all the things as you told me.‎ ‎2) Introduced by as if/though(可用陈述语气表示符合事实的情况，也可用虚拟语气表示与事实相反的情况)‎ e.g.It looks as if it’s going to rain.‎ ‎ He looks as if he was young.‎ ‎3) Introduced by the way e.g. I don’t like the way he talks.‎ D) The Adverbial Clause of Reason (原因状语从句)‎ ‎1) Introduced by because because语气最强，它着重说明原因。用why提问的问句必须用because回答，不能用as, since；‎ e.g.—Why do you like her? Because she is nice.‎ ‎2) Introduced by since since语气比较弱，表示关系上的自然结果，尤其用于对已经清楚了的因素，常译成“既然”，“鉴于”，通常从句放在主句前；‎ e.g. Since a lot of people make mistakes in life, Mr Smith wanted to give John a chance.‎ E) The Adverbial Clause of Condition (条件状语从句)‎ ‎1) 条件状语从句通常由if或unless(=if not)引导，从句中常用一般时代替将来时，即if或unless后的句子谓语用一般现在时或一般过去时。但是，主句则通常用将来时，情态动词或祈使句。‎ ‎ e.g. If it doesn’t rain tomorrow, I will go to the park.‎ ‎ You must finish if you are told. ‎ ‎2) If 条件句的替代形式：‎ ‎ （1）祈使句 + and/or + 陈述句（谓语动词通常用将来时态）。其中，and表示句意顺承；or表示转折，意为“否则”。‎ ‎ e.g. If you work hard, you’ll pass the exam easily. = Work hard, and you’ll pass the exam easily.‎ ‎ If you don’t work hard, you’ll fall behind others. = Work hard, or you’ll fall behind others.‎ ‎ （2）用介词with, without的替代形式：‎ ‎ e.g. If there is no water, the fish may die. = Fish may die without water.‎ ‎ If you help me, I’ll finish my task on time. = With your help/With the help of you, I’ll finish my task on time.‎ ‎(F) The Adverbial Clause of Purpose(目的状语从句)‎ ‎1) Introduced by so that ‎ e.g. He got up much earlier than usual so that he could catch the first bus.‎ ‎2) Introduced by so… that ‎ e.g. He explained it so clearly that he wanted everyone of us to understand him better.‎ Ⅲ. The Attributive Clause (定语从句)‎ 在复合句中修饰名词或代词的从句叫做定语从句。被定语从句修饰的名词或代词叫做先行词。定语从句必须放在先行词之后，对其先行词起限定作用。‎ ‎ This is Tom.‎ ‎ Tom gave us a talk yesterday.‎ ‎ This is Tom who (that) gave us a talk yesterday.‎ 先行词 定语从句 ‎ 引导定语从句的关系代词有：who, whom, whose, that, which ‎ 引导定语从句的关系副词有：where, when, why 一、who, whom, whose引导的定语从句 ‎1. who 在从句中作主语，不可省略，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人。‎ e.g. This is the girl who gave me help yesterday.‎ ‎2. whom在从句中作宾语，它所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词必须是人，可以省略。‎ e.g. The boy (whom)you saw in the room had gone away. ‎ 二、that, which引导的定语从句 这两个代词均指物，它们所引导的定语从句所修饰的先行词是物,通常情况下，它们可以互换。‎ ‎1. that, which在从句中作主语，不可省略。‎ e.g. Hero is the film that/which was directed by Zhang Yimou.‎ ‎2. that, which在从句中作宾语，可以省略。‎ e.g. Is this the film (that/which) you talked about last week?‎ 注意：关系代词在作介词宾语时，只能用which且不能省略。‎ e.g. The house in which he once lived is a meeting-room. = The house (which) he once lived in is a meeting-room.‎ 知识拓展：‎ 引导定语从句的关系代词that和which，在一般情况下，尽管可以互换使用，但在下列情况下，只能用that，而不用which：‎ ‎1. 先行词是复合不定代词everything, anything, nothing等时。‎ e.g. She didn’t forget anything (that) her mother had told her to buy.‎ ‎2. 先行词被序数词或the last修饰时。‎ e.g. This is the first textbook (that) I studied in the primary school.‎ He is in the last row that is next to the window.‎ ‎3. 先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。‎ e.g. That is the highest building (that) I have ever seen.‎ ‎4. 先行词被the only, the very, the same等修饰时。‎ e.g. This is the very novel (that) you want to borrow.‎ ‎5. 先行词是或被all, no, some, any, little, much等修饰时，‎ e.g. I’ve written down all (that )the teacher doesn’t allow us to do.‎ They haven’t got any dictionaries (that) we need.‎ ‎6. 先行词既包含人又包含物时。‎ e.g. He told us many interesting things and persons (that) we had never heard.‎ ‎7. 主句是以who, which引导的特殊疑问句时。‎ e.g. Who is the man (that) you spoke to just now?‎ ‎ Which is the book that was stolen by him?‎ ‎8. 先行词是主句的表语或关系代词在定语从句中作表语时。‎ e.g. China is no longer the country (that) it used to be.‎ 三、关系副词where, when, why引导的定语从句（在从句中作状语）‎ ‎1. where表示地点，它引导的定语从句修饰表地点的先行词。‎ e.g. This is the village where he was born.‎ c.f. This is the village (that/which) he visited last year.‎ ‎2. when表示时间，它引导的定语从句修饰表时间的先行词。‎ e.g. I’ll never forget the day when I joined the League.‎ c.f. I’ll never forget the day (that/which) we spent together.‎ ‎3. why表示原因，它引导的定语从句修饰表原因的先行词。‎ e.g. The reason why he didn’t come yesterday is quite clear.‎