高考英语二轮复习与增分策略专题一阅读理解第一节六大解题技巧 8页

只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 1 专题一 阅读理解 第一节 六大解题技巧 一、关键信息定位法 (2017·全国Ⅰ，A 片段) Visit Pacific Science Center’s Store Don’t forget to stop by Pacific Science Center’s Store while you are here to pick up a wonderful science activity or souvenir to remember your visit.The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome. 21．Where can you buy a souvenir at Pacific Science Center? A．In Building 1. B．In Building 3. C．At the Laser Dome. D．At the Denny Way entrance. 答案 B 解析 细节理解题。首先根据题干中的“souvenir” 可将答案锁定在 Visit Pacific Science Center’s Store 这一部分；再根据本段中的“The store is located(位于) upstairs in Building 3 right next to the Laser Dome.”可知 Pacific Science Center 的购物点在 Laser Dome 旁边的 3 号楼上，故选 B。 点津 解答这类题时，一个常用的方法就是根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的 句子。如该句中出现了 but，however，yet，while 等表转折的词语及 in addition， furthermore，besides，moreover，what’s more，most of all，most importantly，especially 等表递进的词语，后面往往为关键信息，是正确答案。但要与选项进行比较，最终确定答案。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 2 该方法运用的前提是在题干中找到定位关键词。该方法多用于细节理解题。 (2016·全国Ⅰ，A 片段) Rosa Parks(1913—2005) On December 1,1955，in Montgomery，Alabama，Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger.Her simple act landed Parks in prison.But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott.It lasted for more than a year，and kicked off the civil-rights movement.“The only tired I was，was tired of giving in，” said Parks. 23．Who made a great contribution to the civil-rights movement in the U．S.? A．Jane Addams. B．Rachel Carson. C．Sandra Day O’Connor. D．Rosa Parks. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。首先根据题干中的“civil-rights”可将答案锁定在 Rosa Parks 这一 部分，再根据本段中的“But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott...and kicked off the civil-rights movement.”可知，Rosa Parks 推动了美国民权运动，故 D 项正确。 二、关键词法 (2017·全国Ⅰ，A 片段) Support Pacific Science Center Since 1962，Pacific Science Center has been inspiring a passion(热情) for discovery and lifelong learning in science，math and technology.Today，Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State. 22．What does Pacific Science Center do for schools? A．Train science teachers. B．Distribute science books. C．Inspire scientific research. D．Take science to the classroom. 答案 D 解析 细节理解题。由标题及该段第二句“Today，Pacific Science Center serves more than 1.3 million people a year and brings inquiry-based science education to classrooms and community events all over Washington State.”可知此处的关键词应是“science”， 太平洋科学中心把基于探究的科学教育带入课堂。 点津 半数以上的文章会在文章的第一段或最后一段直接给出主题关键词，且常是首句；还 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 3 有部分文章在第一段或最后一段间接给出主题关键词，正确答案与主题关键词有高度的重合 性：形似、意似。 (2016·全国Ⅰ，D 片段) The meaning of silence varies among cultural groups.Silences may be thoughtful， or they may be empty when a person has nothing to say.A silence in a conversation may also show stubbornness，uneasiness，or worry.Silence may be viewed by some cultural groups as extremely uncomfortable；therefore attempts may be made to fill every gap(间 隙) with conversation.Persons in other cultural groups value silence and view it as necessary for understanding a person’s needs. 32．What does the author say about silence in conversations? A．It implies anger. B．It promotes friendship. C．It is culture-specific. D．It is content-based. 答案 C 解析 推理判断题。由第一段第一句及下文给出的沉默在不同文化中代表不同含义的例子可 知，作者认为不同文化对于沉默的解读是有很大差异的，即它与特定的文化有关。此处的关 键词应是“cultural”。因此答案为 C。 三、题段一致法 (2017·全国Ⅰ，A 片段) It’s an amazing accomplishment and one we cannot achieve without generous support from individuals ， corporations ， and other social organizations.Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center. 23．What is the purpose of the last part of the text? A．To encourage donations. B．To advertise coming events. C．To introduce special exhibits. D．To tell about the Center’s history. 答案 A 解析 推理判断题。根据该部分中的“Visit pacificsciencecenter.org to find various ways you can support Pacific Science Center.”可知作者呼吁读者支持 Pacific Science Center，也就是鼓励人们为之提供捐助。故选 A。 点津 按照文章的发展顺序设置题目，是目前最主要的出题方法。这种出题方法最简单，最 容易操作，因此为命题者所偏爱。学生则应按照文章的段落顺序依次进行解答，没有必要百 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 4 分之百读懂整篇文章，没有必要从头到尾把全文读一遍，按照这一定律，边看题干，边看原 文，从而快速解题。 (2016·四川，B 片段) Our own experience working together on health，development，and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives.It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead. 27．What can be inferred from the last paragraph? A．The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better. B．Much more progress will be made in the near future. C．The work on health is the most valuable experience. D．People’s efforts have been materially rewarded. 答案 A 解析 推理判断题。根据本段最后提到的“It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.”可知最穷的人的生活将会变得更好。故选 A。 四、释义法 (2017·全国Ⅰ，D 片段) To construct a working still，use a sharp stick or rock to dig a hole four feet across and three feet deep.Try to make the hole in a damp area to increase the water catcher’s productivity.Place your cup in the deepest part of the hole.Then lay the tube in place so that one end rests all the way in the cup and the rest of the line runs up—and out—the side of the hole. 33．What does the underlined phrase “the water catcher” in Paragraph 2 refer to? A．The tube. B．The still. C．The hole. D．The cup. 答案 B 解析 词义猜测题。根据本段描述可知，制作一个蒸馏器装置，需要挖一个四英尺宽、三英 尺深的洞，要尽量在潮湿的地方挖洞来提高 the water catcher 的生产力，结合全文可知， 提高的应该是整个蒸馏器装置的生产力，故选 B 项。 点津 词汇量小是制约学生阅读理解能力的一个重要因素。词义猜测的具体技巧如下：根据 定义或上下文解释进行猜测；根据同位关系进行猜测；根据同义关系进行猜测；根据构词法(合 成、派生、转化等)进行猜测；根据因果关系进行猜测；根据上下文的指代关系进行猜测；根 据常识或背景知识进行猜测。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 5 (2016·全国Ⅰ，C 片段) I am Peter Hodes，a volunteer stem cell courier.Since March 2012，I’ve done 89 trips—of those,51 have been abroad.I have 42 hours to carry stem cells(干细胞)in my little box because I’ve got two ice packs and that’s how long they last.In all， from the time the stem cells are harvested from a donor(捐献者) to the time they can be implanted in the patient，we’ve got 72 hours at most.So I am always conscious of time. 29．Which of the following can replace the underlined word “courier” in Paragraph 1? A．provider B．delivery man C．collector D．medical doctor 答案 B 解析 词义猜测题。根据本段第二句中的“I’ve done 89 trips”及第三句中的“carry stem cells”可知，作者是运送干细胞的人，所以选 B 项。 五、扫读法 (2017·全国Ⅰ，B 片段) The homeowner was very helpful.A wire basket was found.I put some pine branches into the basket to make this nest safe and comfortable.I placed the chick in the nest， and it quickly calmed down. 26．What made the chick calm down? A．A new nest. B．Some food. C．A recording. D．Its parents. 答案 A 解析 细节理解题。扫读全文，可确定该段中的“I placed the chick in the nest，and it quickly calmed down.”为解题的关键信息。由此可知，作者为猫头鹰幼雏做的新鸟巢让它 很快就安静下来。故选 A。 点津 扫读不是简单地走马观花，而是在保证快速、高效的前提下，锁定关键信息：(1)注 意特征词，如：luckily，unfortunately，as a result，besides 等；(2)注意时间点，如： yesterday，last year，today，now 等；(3)找主线：文章的主线往往是文章的中心思想或 者作者对文中所论述的事物所持的观点或态度等。 (2016·四川，D) A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night’s sleep.But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 6 Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin(褪黑 激素)，which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety. The study，by researchers from Seoul，South Korea，involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night. Those given night milk，which contained 10 times the amount of melatonin，were less active and less anxious than those fed with the milk collected during daytime， according to the study published in The Journal of Medicinal Food. Night milk quickened the start of sleep and caused the mice to sleep longer. While the effect of cows milk harvested at different time has not been tested on humans up to now，taking melatonin drugs has been suggested to those who are struggling to fall asleep at night. Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content，which helps people to relax. Milk is also sugar-free and additive-free with nutritionists recommending skimmed milk as the best choice before bed as it is the least fattening.The more fat you take in before bedtime，the greater burden you will put on your body at night. 34．What can be a suitable title for the text? A．Night Milk and Sleep B．Fat，Sugar and Health C．An Experiment on Mice D．Milk Drinking and Health 答案 A 解析 标题归纳题。文章主要说明了喝夜间挤的牛奶与睡眠之间的关系。所以选项 A 是文章 的最佳标题。 35．How does the author support the theme of the text? A．By giving examples. B．By stating arguments. C．By explaining statistical data. D．By providing research results. 答案 D 解析 推理判断题。详读全文，可以看出作者是通过提供研究成果来支持文章主题的，故选 D 项。 六、位置特征法 (2017·全国Ⅰ，B 片段) 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 7 I work with Volunteers for Wildlife，a rescue and education organization at Bailey Arboretum in Locust Valley.Trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain.However，when it works，it is simply beautiful. 24．What is unavoidable in the author’s rescue work according to Paragraph 1? A．Efforts made in vain. B．Getting injured in his work. C．Feeling uncertain about his future. D．Creatures forced out of their homes. 答案 A 解析 细节理解题。根据该段中的“Trying to help injured，displaced or sick creatures can be heartbreaking; survival is never certain.”可知救助野生动物的工作有时让人 悲伤，因为不能保证野生动物会存活下来，即我们的努力有可能白费。故选 A。 点津 正确答案的位置：位于介词短语、非谓语动词、从句、倒装、强调、虚拟语气等结构 中。其中定语从句和状语从句一般都是重点观察主句，而宾语从句则考查从句较多。对于一 些常见的并列结构，就近原则的一般后半部分重要，就远原则的一般前面重要。 正确答案的特征：一般情况下，中心思想，论述事物所持的观点、态度是答案；绝对的不是 答案，商量口气的是答案；断章取义的不是答案，概括性的是答案；具体的不是答案，抽象 的是答案；含有明确因果关系的常是答案；消极负面的不是答案，正面积极的是答案；长句 难句里常有正确答案等。 (2017·全国Ⅰ，D 片段) Next，cover the hole with the plastic sheet，securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.The plastic should now form a cone(圆锥体) with 45-degree-angled sides.The low point of the sheet must be centered directly over，and no more than three inches above，the cup. 34．What is the last step of constructing a working solar still? A．Dig a hole of a certain size. B．Put the cup in place. C．Weight the sheet’s center down. D．Cover the hole with the plastic sheet. 答案 C 解析 细节理解题。根据该段中的“Next，cover the hole with the plastic sheet，securing the edges of the plastic with dirt and weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock.”可知最后一步是 weighting the sheet’s center down with a rock(用一块石头把 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力，才能尝到成功的滋味。 8 塑料板的中心位置压下去)，故选 C。