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Section_ⅢGrammar— 构词法
语法图解
探究发现
①chairman 主席 newspaper 报纸
hometown 家乡 airport 机场
sunrise 日出
②dislike 不喜欢 incorrect 不正确的
unlucky 不走运的 retell 复述
telephone 电话
③reader 读者 inventor 发明家
Chinese 中国人 Indian 印度人
artist 艺术家 kindness 和蔼
operation 手术
④water 水/浇水 dry 干的/弄干
book 书籍/预订 nurse 护士/护理
better 更好/改善
[我的发现]
(1)①组中的单词是将两个单词合并在一起,形成一个新的单词。这种构词法被称之为合成法。
(2)②组中的单词都是在各自的词根前加了不同的前缀,如dis, in, un, re, tele等。
(3)③组中的单词是在各自的词根后加了不同的后缀,如er, or, ese, ian等。
(4)②③组中单词的构词法被称之为派生法。
(5)④组中的单词所展示的构词法被称之为转化法。
英语中词的构成方法主要有三种:合成、派生和转化。
一、合成
由两个或更多的词合成一个词,有的用连字符“”连接,有的直接写在一起,还有的由分开的两个词构成。
1.合成名词
构成方式
举例
构成方式
举例
名词+名词
weekend周末
动词+名词
postcard
明信片
名词+动词
daybreak
破晓
动词ing+
名词
waitingroom
候车室
名词+动
词ing
handwriting
书法
形容词+
名词
fastfood
快餐
2.合成形容词
构成方式
举例
构成方式
举例
名词+
动词ing
English
speaking
讲英语的
形容词+
名词
parttime
兼职的
名词+动
词ed
stateowned
国有的
形容词+动
词ing
goodlooking
相貌好的
副词+动
词ed
widespread
分布广的
形容词+名
词+ed
warmhearted
热心的
3.合成副词
构成方式
举例
构成方式
举例
形容词+
名词
sometimes
有时
副词+名词
indoors
在室内
介词+名词
alongside
在一边
副词+介词
nearby
附近
4.合成代词
构成方式
举 例
代词宾格+self
herself她自己 himself他自己
物主代词+self
myself我自己 yourself你自己
形容词+名词
anything任何东西
somebody某个人
5.合成动词
构成方式
举 例
名词+动词
sunbathe晒太阳 typewrite打字
形容词+动词
whitewash粉刷 safeguard保卫
副词+动词
overthrow推翻 upset使生气
[名师点津] (1)合成词的复数形式通常是把前面的主体名词变复数。若没有主体名词,则在最后一个词后面加复数形式。例如:fatherinlaw→fathersinlaw, growup→growups。
(2)由man和woman构成的合成名词变复数时,两个名词都要变成复数。例如:woman doctor→women doctors。
(3)由“名词+名词”构成的复合名词,在变复数时,只变化中心名词,而修饰名词不变。例如:girlfriend→girlfriends。
[即时演练1]
(1)写出下列单词的汉语意思
①greenhouse 温室
②sunset 日落
③farreaching 影响深远的
④heartfelt 由衷的
⑤hotfoot 匆忙地
⑥overcome 克服
(2)将下列合成名词变为复数形式
①daughterinlaw→daughtersinlaw
②gobetween→gobetweens
③manteacher→menteachers
④Englishman→Englishmen
二、派生
派生法是由一个词根加上前缀或后缀构成另一个词。
1.前缀
前缀一般只改变单词的意思,不改变词性。
分类
举 例
常见否定前缀
il→illegal非法的
un→unhappy不高兴的
im→impatient不耐烦的
dis→disappear消失
in→incorrect不正确的
non→nonstop不停
ir→irregular不规则的
表示其他意义的常见前缀
anti(反对;抵抗)→antiwar反战的
sub(下面的)→subway地铁
inter(互相)→Internet互联网
re(再;又)→rewrite重写
en(使……)→enrich使富足
pre(前;预先)→preview预习
post(后的)→postwar战后
mid(中;半)→midnight午夜
vice(副)→vicemanager副经理
micro(微)→microscope显微镜
for/fore(先;预)→forecast预报
co(共;同)→cooperation合作
mini(小型)→miniskirt迷你裙
bi(双的)→bimonthly双月的
2.后缀
后缀常会改变单词的词性,构成意思相近的其他词性;少数后缀还会改变词义,变为与原来词义相反的新词。
分 类
列 举
举 例
常见名词后缀
er/or(从事……的人),ese(某地人),ess(雌性),ian(……的人),ist(专业人员),ism(主义),ment(性质;状态),ness(性质),tion/ation(动作;过程),dom(状态;区域)
teacher 教师
Japanese 日本人
musician 音乐家
artist 艺术家
movement 运动
darkness 黑暗
invention 发明
常见动词后缀
en(多用于形容词之后),fy(使……化),
ize(使……成为)
widen 加宽
beautify 美化
realize 意识到
常见形容词后缀
al, able, an, ble,
ern, ful, ive,
less, like, ly, y,
ous, some
national 民族的
reasonable 合理的
American 美国的
careful 细心的
active 有活力的
常见副词后缀
ly(用于形容词后表示方式或程度),ward(s)(表示方向)
quickly 迅速地
angrily 生气地
northward 朝北
upward(s) 向上
常见数词后缀
teen, th, ty
thirteen 十三
fourth第四
[即时演练2] 给下面单词加上适当的词缀
①incomplete 不完全的
②impossible 不可能的
③enlarge 扩大
④recycle 再循环
⑤cooperate 合作
⑥international 国际的
⑦wooden 木制的
⑧widen 加宽
⑨scholarship 奖学金
⑩honesty 诚实
三、转化
转化
举 例
名词
↑↓
动词
hand手/递,watch手表/观看,smoke烟/吸烟,fish鱼/钓鱼
名词
↑↓
形容词
light光线/轻的,wrong错误/错的,right右边/对的
动词
↑↓
clean打扫/干净的,close关上/近的,free使自由/自由的
形容词
副词
↑↓
形容词
enough足够地/足够的,last最后/最后的,hard努力/困难的
读音不同
词性不同
这些词作动词时重音在后,作名词时重音在前:contest竞赛,export出口,increase增加,permit允许,progress进步,rebel反抗,record记录
[即时演练3]
写出下列句中加黑单词的词性和词义
①He is a man with a powerful build. 名词,体格
②Today, fresh fruit from these trees is shipped from one country to another.动词,运输
③The train slowed down.动词,减缓
④They’re running in the final. 名词,决赛
⑤You should be dressed in black.动词,穿衣
Ⅰ.写出下列句中画线单词的词性和词义
1.A.Take a few deep, slow breaths.
形容词,意为“缓慢的”_
B.You must slow down a little or you’ll make yourself ill.动词,意为“放慢”
2.A.Mary’s reading a book by Stephen King.
名词,意为“书”
B.I’d like to book a table for two for 8 o’clock tonight.
动词,意为“预订”
3.A.Jenny dropped the plate and it broke into pieces.
动词,意为“打碎”
B.Lily wanted to take a career break in order to have children.名词,意为“休息”
4.A.I didn’t need to go to the bank after all — Mary lent me the money.动词,意为“需要”
B.There is no need for you to get up early tomorrow.
名词,意为“必要”
5.A.There are many new houses and shops along the street.名词,意为“商店”
B.I always shop on Saturdays.动词,意为“购物”
6.A.It was only a dream,_after all.名词,意为“梦”
B.The boy dreams of becoming a pilot.动词,意为“梦想”
7.A.What’s the score?名词,意为“比分”
B.Who scored the goal?动词,意为“进球”
8.A.What is the result of your entrance examination?名词,意为“结果”
B.The accident resulted in the death of two passengers.
动词,意为“导致”
Ⅱ.找出文中的构词法并写出汉语意思
There are many social science majors in large companies who take up important positions. For example, a number of research studies found that social science majors had achieved greater managerial success than those who had technical training or preprofessional courses. Studies show that social science majors are most suited for change, which is the leading feature of the kind of highspeed, highpressure, hightech world we now live in.
Social science majors are not only experiencing success in their longterm company jobs, but they are also finding jobs more easily. A study showed that many companies had filled a large percentage of their entrylevel positions with social science graduates.
1.preprofessional“提前职业培训的”,派生词,加前缀pre,表示before(在……之前;预先)
2.highspeed“高速的”,合成词
3.highpressure“高压力的”,合成词
4.hightech“高科技的”,合成词
5.experience_“经历”,转化词,由名词experience(经验、经历)转化而来
6.longterm“长期的”,合成词
7.percentage“百分比”,派生词,加后缀age
8.entrylevel“初级的”,合成词
Ⅲ.语法填空
“Remember, your father is only one year __1__ (old) than you.” That was Mum’s usual excuse when Dad said the wrong things or did something __2__ (fool).
Dad quitted drinking exactly one year before I was born. He joined a group of other people. He said they __3__ (stop) drinking, too. I loved my dad __4__ I hated the way his weekly meetings took him away __5__ me. It seemed that they were more important to him than I was. But with my birthday coming up I thought Dad would make an __6__ (except). “Can’t you miss it just this time? Saturday is my birthday!” I begged him but __7__ (refuse). He said, “I am chairing the meeting this Saturday. We will have your party on Sunday.”
Saturday evening I sat on my bed, __8__ (feel) sorry for myself. Dad started to leave, then paused and said, “Why not come with me together tonight? It’s an open meeting. All
are welcome.” __9__ would I do at a meeting? But maybe I needed to see why something Dad did every week mattered so much.
After we arrived, Dad announced the theme of the meeting was going to be grateful. He told his story about giving up smoking. Later, a man __10__ (call) Dave also told his story. Only then did I know it was Dad that saved his life from drinking. Showing up week after week and meeting with people, Dad was changing lives. Shame washed over me.
语篇解读:本文是记叙文。全文主要讲述了作者由对父亲每周参加会议非常不理解到最后自己感到羞愧的过程。
1.older 从空后的“than you”可知,这里要用形容词的比较级。
2.foolish foolish为形容词,在这里作定语,修饰something。
3.had stopped 从句中stop的动作发生在主句中的said之前,因此本空用过去完成时。
4.but 分析语境可知,空前后为转折关系,因此用but。
5.from 此处表示他每周的会议把他从“我”身边带走,因此用from。take away from为固定搭配。
6.exception 从空前的an可知,这里需要名词,因此用exception。
7.was refused I与refuse之间为逻辑上的动宾关系,再结合全文的时态可知,此空用一般过去时的被动语态。
8.feeling “feeling sorry for myself”为现在分词短语作伴随状语,修饰sat。
9.What What引导特殊疑问句,并在疑问句中作do的宾语。
10.called “called Dave”为过去分词短语作定语,修饰man。
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