【英语】2019届二轮复习书面表达专题议论文类型写作指导（6页word版） 6页

‎2019届二轮复习书面表达专题 议论文类型写作指导 文体特点 ‎ 议论文是高考英语试卷中最常考查的文体之一。一般选取考生所熟悉的社会上的热点和焦点问题， 通过剖析事物来论 述事理、发表意见或提出主张。在具体的写作中要求通过摆事实、讲道理、辨是非等方式来确定其观点的正确或错误，树立 或否定某种观点或主张。近几年的高考书面表达中， 议论文的命题形式是以文字提纲、图画和表格的方式来呈现写作材料 的。 议论文的结构一般有引子、正文和结论句三部分。一般在引子部分提出论点，即文章的主题，在正文部分摆出事实，对 论点进行严密的论证，最后根据前面的论证得出结论。 议论文有三要素，即论点、论据和论证。论点的基本要求是：观点正确，认真概括，有实际意义，恰当地综合运用各种 表达方式；论据的基本要求是：真实可靠，充分典型；论证的基本要求是：推理必须符合逻辑。 论证的方法多种多样，常用的方法有： 1．归纳法：从分析典型，即分析个别事物入手，找出事物的共同特点，然后得出结论。 2．推理法：从一般原理出发，对个别事物进行说明、分析，而后得出结论。 3．对照法：对所有事实、方面进行对照，然后加以分析，得出结论。 4．驳论法：先列出错误的观点，然后加以逐条批驳，最后阐明自己的观点。‎ ‎ 应试策略 ‎ 根据议论文的特点，最好采用三段式论证法，第一段提出问题（总写），即主题段，陈述自己的观点；第二段用论 据进行正反两个方面的论证（分写），即拓展段，摆出支撑论点的论据；第三段得出相应的结论（总写），为总结段，总 结自己的观点。类似中文里（总——分——总）的写法。这种写法可以使文章层次分明，结构清晰。 具体来说，要注意以下几点：‎ ‎1．在议论文三段式里，首先要写好开头，好的开头是成功的一半。‎ ‎1）要写好开头。开头写得好，会给阅卷者留下美好的印象，有 吸引力。任何一篇文章都应该做到主题鲜明，中心突出，提出论点要开门见山，紧扣题目。高考作文篇幅短小，因此开 头不能冗长拖沓，务必要点题，即说清楚文章的人物、事件和作者的观点。 ‎ ‎2）要深化中间段。中意部分是文章的主体，需要用具体的事例、细节来阐释主题句，因此中意的部分应该是具体 的、详细的，不可泛泛而谈或点到即止，安需要围绕主题句的内容而展开，不能谈论与之无关的东西，即论述主题要具 体而又有说服力。常用方法有：比较法、举例法、归纳法、推理法、对照法和驳论法。‎ ‎ 3）把好结尾关。避免虎头蛇尾，使结尾缺乏力量。好的结尾会深化主题，进一步强化阅卷老师的良好印象。文章 最后可以回到开头提出的中心思想上，达到再次肯定强调的效果；或者引用格言或名人名言总结全文，即言简赅又有较 强的说明力；也可用几句话概括全文的内容，并进一步肯定文章的中心思想或作者观点。‎ ‎ 4）注意一些关联词的使用。使文章更连贯顺畅、条理清晰。 ‎ II. 素材必备 1. 常用词汇 表因果的 as, as a result, because of, due to, for owing to, thanks to 表意见的 In one’s opinion, have different opinion/idea on, from my point of view, personally 表比较和 对比的的 Unlike, in the same way, on the contrary, different from, in contrast to ‎ similarly；in the same way；but；however；instead；otherwise；in spite of； on the other hand... 表列举的 First...Last (Finally) The first...The last (The final) Firstly...Lastly (Finally) On the one hand/On the other hand For one thing/For another Furthermore；Moreover；What’s more；In addition 表结论的 On the whole, in general, in brief, to end/sum up, in other words, in conclusion, in short, in summary ‎ ‎2. 常用句式 用于句首提出论题或现象的常用句型。 ‎ ‎1) Recently，traffic jam has become the focus of the society. 进来，交通堵塞已经成为社会的焦点。‎ ‎ 2) Telecommunication has been playing an increasingly important role in our daily life. 无线通讯在我们的日常 生活中一直起着越来越重要的作用。 ‎ ‎3) Nowadays there is a growing concern for ...现在，人们对……越来越担忧。 Nowadays, there is a growing concern for food security. 现在，人们对于饮食安全越来越担忧。‎ ‎ 4) Nowadays more and more people are beginning to be aware of the seriousness of food security. 现在，越来越 多的人对于食品安全的严重性有了认识。 ‎ ‎5) There is an old/popular saying/proverb which says/goes “all work and no play makes Jack a dull boy”. 有一句 古老的谚语说“只会学习不会玩，聪明的小孩也变傻”。 6) In recent years，there is a general tendency towards teenagers studying abroad in big cities. 近几年来，在大 城市有一个普遍的趋势, 即青少年出国留学。‎ ‎ 用于表示例证的常用句型 ‎ ‎1) According to recent survey/study/report ... 根据最近的调查/研究/报告…… According to a recent survey, more and more students are doing part-time jobs. 根据最近的调查表明越来越多 的学生在打工。 ‎ ‎2) Researches have found that smoking too much leads to many diseases. 研究者已经发现吸烟太多会导致很多 疾病。 ‎ ‎3) No one can deny that, as an actor, Andy Liu is diligent. 谁都不能否认，作为一名演员，刘德华是勤勉的。‎ ‎ 4) There is no doubt that... 毫无疑问…… There is no doubt that nearsightedness is a serious problem among the youth of our country. 毫无疑问近视在我 国的年轻人中是一个严重的问题。 ‎ 用于比较、阐述不同观点的常用句型 ‎ ‎1) Some people like/prefer...，while others are/feel inclined to ... 一些人喜欢……，而另外一些人则喜欢…… Some people like/prefer staying in big cities，while others are/feel inclined to live in the countryside. 一些人 喜欢住在大城市，而另外一些人则喜欢住在乡下。 ‎ ‎2) There are different opinions among people as to...Some believe...，while others hold... 关于……，人们有不同 的观点。一些人认为……，而另一些人认为…… There are different opinions among people as to studying abroad. Some believe studying abroad can ensure teenagers a bright future，while others hold studying abroad too early is bad for their growing up. 对青 少年出国 留学人们有不同的观点。一些人认为出国留学能保证青少年们有一个光明的未来，而另一些人则认为青少 年过早的出国留学会对他们的成长有害。‎ ‎ 3) Some people suggest ... Others，however，hold the opposite opinion. 一些人建议…… 然而，另外一些人则 持相反的观点。 Some people suggest the cultural relics should be open to the public free of charge. Others, however, hold the opposite opinion. 一些人建议文化遗产应该免费向公众开放。而另外一些人则持相反的观点。‎ ‎ 4) On the one hand，people tend to ... On the other hand, they ... 一方面，人们……。另一方面，人们又…… On the one hand, people tend to feel disgusted at the way marketers promote their products; on the other hand, they are on the lookout for bargains. 一方面，人们对厂商促销产品的方式感到厌恶。另一方面，他们 又在四处寻找便宜货。‎ ‎ 5) Although more and more people come to believe robots can’t take the place of human beings，there are still others who insist that robots liberate all our working load in the near future. 尽管越来越多的人开始相信机器人 不能代替人，仍然有许多人坚持认为在不远的将来，机器人能够完全把人们从工作负担中解放出来。‎ ‎ 6) On the contrary，there are people in favor of students using mobile phones in school. 相反的，有人支持学生 们在校园里使用手机。 ‎ 用于表示转折的常用句型： ‎ ‎1) It sounds like a good/attractive idea，but they fail to understand/see/notice... 这听上去是个好主意，但是他们 没能理解/意识到…… It sounds like a good idea, but they fail to notice the contribution advertising makes to our society. 这听上去 是个好主意，但是他们没有意识到广告对于我们社会所作出贡献。‎ ‎ 2) They may be right about ...，but they seem to neglect/fail to mention/take ... into account 关于…他们可能是对 的, 但他们可能忽略/没有想到/考虑到…… They may be right about efficiency，but they seem to neglect the cultural difference between east and west. 关于效率的观点他们是对的。但是他们忽略了东西方之间的文化差异。 3) Good/Superior/Wonderful as...，it has its own disadvantages/it brings its own problems. 尽管……很好，但它 也有其弊端/也带来了很多问题。 Superior as the highway，it has its own disadvantages. 尽管高速公路有很多的优势，它也有许多弊端。 用于陈述个人观点或想法的常用句型 ‎ ‎1) My own experience tells me that only working hard can lead to success. 我自己的经历告诉我只有努力才能 成功。 ‎ ‎2) In my opinion，we should attach more importance to... 在我看来， 我们应该更加重视…… In my opinion, we should attach more importance to food safety. 在我看来，我们应该更加重视食品安全。 ‎ ‎3) As for my own idea about ..., I believe... As for my own idea about environmental pollution, I believe there is no immediate solution to it. 至于我的 关于环境污染的观点，我认为并没有立马见效的措施。‎ ‎ 4) As far as I am concerned，I plan to make more efforts. 就我而言，‎ 我打算更加努力。 ‎ ‎5) Personally，I prefer ... 就我个人而言，我更愿意…… Personally，I prefer to live in the countryside. 就我个人而言，我更愿意住在乡下。 ‎ 用于表示结论的常用句型及关联词或短语 ‎ 1) All the facts suggest/show/demonstrate/indicate that … 所有事实都表明/揭示了…… All the facts suggest that sitting too much is bad for your health. 所有事实都表明久坐有害。 ‎ ‎2) From what has been discussed above，we may conclude that... 通过以上讨论的，我们可以断定…… From what has been discussed above, we may safely conclude that advantages of bicycle far outweigh its disadvantages. 通过以上讨论的，我们可以断定骑自行车的好处远大于它的弊端。 ‎ ‎3）Therefore，it is not difficult to draw/come to the conclusion that success arises from diligence. 因此不难得出 这样的结论，即成功来自勤奋。 ‎ ‎3. 黄金模板 ‎ 模板一：观点对比题型 （1） 要求论述两个对立的观点并给出自己的看法。 ①．有一些人认为…… ②．另一些人认为…… ③．我的看法…… The topic of （主题）is becoming more and more popular recently. There are two sides of opinions about it. Some people say A is their favorite. They hold their view for the reason of （支持A的理由一）. What is more, (理 由二). Moreover, (理由三). While others think that B is a better choice in the following three reasons. Firstly, (支持 B 的理由一). Secondly (besides), （理由二）. Thirdly (finally), (理由三). From my point of view, I think （我的观点）. The reason is that (原因) . As a matter of fact, there are some other reasons to explain my choice. For me, the former is surely a wise choice . （2）给出一个观点，要求考生反对这一观点 Some people believe that （观点一）. For example, they think （举例说明）. And it will bring them (为他 们带来的好处). In my opinion, I never think this reason can be the point. For one thing, (我不同意该看法的理由一). For another thing, (反对的理由之二)． Form all what I have said, I agree to the thought that (我对文章所讨论主题的看法)．‎ ‎ 模板二：解决方法题型 要求考生列举出解决问题的多种途径 ①．问题现状 ②．怎样解决(解决方案的优缺点) In recent days, we have to face a problem （要解决的问题）, which is becoming more and more serious. First, (说明要解决的问题的现状)．Second, (举例进一步说明现状) Confronted with （要解决的问题）, we should take a series of effective measures to cope with the situation. For one thing, (解决方法一). For another (解决方法二). Finally, (解决方法三). Personally, I believe that (我的解决方法). Consequently, I’m confident that a bright future is awaiting us because (带来的好处). ‎ III. 典题在线 ‎ 假定你是中学生李华。在一位名叫 Tiger Mom 的学生家长的博客上，你看到如下内容。请你根据博客 内容、写作要点和要求，给这位家长回复。 I’m the mother of a fourteen-year-old. I have a rule for my daughter: be ‎ among the top 5 students or get punished in one way or another. She has been doing very well in school, but some friends of mine keep telling me that I put too much pressure on her. Am I wrong? 写作要点： 1. 表明自己的看法； 2. 陈述自己的理由（可举例说明）； 3. 提出至少两条建议。 要求： 1. 短文须写在答题卡的指定区域。 2. 短文词数不少于 100（不含已写好的部分）。 3. 内容充实，结构完整，语意连贯。 4. 书写需清晰、工整。‎ ‎ Hi, Tiger Mom, What puzzles you is actually a puzzle for many parents in China. My idea is that _______________________________ ___________________________________________________________________________________________ ________________ ‎ Yours, Li Hua ‎ ‎[思路导图] ‎ ‎[词句联想] 1. 同意 agree with 2. 对……严格 be strict with 3. 高分 high grades 4. 大学录取 university admission. 5. 取得进步 make progress 6. 一些高分学生在踏入社会后并没与像预料到的那样成功。 Some all-A students in school have turned out not to be as successful in society as they were expected. 7. 因此我建议你听取你朋友的建议。 So I suggest that you take your friends’ advice.‎ ‎ [习作赏析] [参考范文] Hi, Tiger Mom, What puzzles you is actually a puzzle for many parents in China. ①My idea is that it is not quite right for you to do so. ②Although high grades are an important factor in evaluating students and their future university admission, development in wisdom, emotion, health, and life attitude school never be ignored. ③There are many examples around us. ④Some all-A student in school have turned out not to be as successful in society as they were expected. ⑤The reason is often that the pressure from their parents allows them almost no time for other activities. ⑥Furthermore, punishment is by no means a wise choice to help them grow up mentally and physically. ⑦So I suggest that you take your friends’ advice. ⑧More importantly, let her live like a lovely girl; let her have more friends and social activities; and let her make progress of her own as we teenagers often do. ‎ Yours, Li Hua ‎ ‎[名师点评] 1. 本篇作文不仅涵盖了所有的内容要点，而且提出了 自己的教育观点：教育应该激励孩子健康快乐成 长，教育应该促进孩子的全面发展。语言使用的规范地道。最重要的是作者态度诚恳，故而本文具有 很强的感染力。 2. 全文句式结构丰富多变。主语从句、表语从句（句 ⑤）、宾语从句（句⑦）、状语从句（句②）的使 用既有效整合了各要点信息，又显示了作者出色的 写作水平。最后一段有效使用了排比句，连用三个 let her…，气势如虹。university admission(句②), turn out（句④）, by no means（句⑥）等高级词汇 的使用更是锦上添花。 3. 作者巧妙地应用了很多衔接过渡词汇，如 although, furthermore, so, more importantly 等，更使得文章结 构紧凑，过渡自然，行文如行云流水般顺畅。‎ ‎ 第一步 定时态人称 第三步 列要点信息 第二步 布文章结构 ‎ 一般现在时；第一人称 表明自己的看法→陈述自己的理由→提出至少两条建议 1. 我认为你的做法不对； 2. 虽然学习成绩很重要，但是智力和情感发展身体健康及生活习惯的培养同 样重要； 3. 现实表明一些高分学生在踏入社会后却并不成功； 4. 因此我建议你给孩子更多空间让她自由成长，让她多交朋友，多参加社会活动 ‎ 达标测试 1 假如你叫李华，从某网站看到下面调查统计表，感触很深，从而决定写信给某英语报社， 反映这一现象，并简要分析原因，呼吁教育部门和家长改变目前局面。 ‎ Dear editor, ‎ ‎- ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- One possible version: Dear editor, It can be seen easily from the above chart that American students spend 72 minutes on physical activities per day, and those in R. O. Korea 42 minutes. However, Chinese students have only 12 minutes for physical activities per day. The reasons lie in the following. Almost all the time is spent on lessons in Chinese schools and students are made by parents to concentrate on their study even when they get back. Thus there is little time left for their physical activities. In my opinion, both the Education Departments and parents are responsible to give the students more time for physical activities.‎