2021届高三英语北师大版一轮总复习教师用书：派生词 14页

www.ks5u.com 第二部分　语法专题 Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)It is difficult to figure out a global population of polar bears as much of the range has been poorly (poor) studied.‎ 解析：此处修饰过去分词studied，因此应用副词形式，故答案为poorly。‎ ‎2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)Her years of hard work have finally (final )been acknowledged after a customer nominated (提名) her to be Cheshire's Woman Of The Year.‎ 解析：本空修饰动词have been acknowledged，故应用副词finally。‎ ‎3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)“...We are so proud of her. It's wonderful (wonder)．”‎ 解析：根据句子结构可知，本空在系动词is后作表语，故应用形容词wonderful。‎ ‎4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)They also shared with us many traditional (tradition) stories about Hawaii that were hugely (huge) popular with tourists. ‎ 解析：形容词修饰名词，根据空格后的stories可知，空1处应填形容词形式，故填traditional。副词修饰形容词，根据空格后的popular可知，空2处应填副词形式，故填hugely。‎ ‎5．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)This switch has decreased pollution (pollute) in the country's major lakes and reservoirs and made drinking water safer for people.‎ 解析：decrease“降低，减少”，为及物动词，后接名词作宾语，故填名词pollution。‎ ‎6．(2018·浙江卷)Researchers have found that there is a direct link ‎ between the increase in food eaten outside the home and the rise in weight(weigh) problems. ‎ 解析：根据语境可知，此处表示体重方面的问题，故此处填名词作定语。‎ ‎7．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Running is cheap, easy and it's always energetic (energy)．‎ 解析：根据句子结构可知，此处应该使用与其前的cheap, easy相同形式的形容词energetic作表语。‎ ‎8．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)According to the World Bank, China accounts for about 30 percent of total global (globe) fertilizer consumption.‎ 解析：此处和total一起修饰名词短语fertilizer consumption，意为“全世界的化肥总消耗量”，故用其形容词形式global作定语。‎ ‎9．(2018·浙江卷)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be affordable (afford) but doing this most days adds up.‎ 解析：根据语境可知此处作表语，所以要用形容词形式。‎ ‎10．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)A taste for meat is actually (actual) behind the change: An important part of its corn is used to feed chickens, pigs, and cattle.‎ 解析：此处用副词作状语修饰系动词is。‎ ‎11．(2018·浙江卷)Recently (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.‎ 解析：此处考查时间副词作状语，故填Recently。‎ ‎12．(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)She is determined to carry on with her education (educate)．‎ 解析：前面有形容词性物主代词her，此处应该使用动词educate的名词形式education作宾语。‎ ‎13．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Chengdu has dozens of new millionaires, Asia's biggest building, and fancy new hotels. But for tourists like me, pandas are its top attraction (attract)．‎ 解析：此处作表语且前面由its ‎ top修饰，应该用attract的名词形式attraction，意为“吸引人之物，诱惑物”。‎ ‎14．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius, who lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C., influenced the development (develop) of chopsticks.‎ 解析：根据空前面的the和空后面的of可知，此处需填develop的名词形式development。‎ ‎15．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)The title will be officially (official) given to me at a ceremony in London.‎ 解析：此处表示(大使)这个头衔将在伦敦的一个仪式上正式授予给我，分析句子结构可知，应该使用副词officially作状语修饰动词given。‎ ‎16．(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)Recent studies show that we are far more productive at work if we take short breaks regularly (regular)．‎ 解析：此处需要用副词修饰动词短语“take short breaks”。‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)I became interesting in playing football thanks to a small accident.interesting→_interested 解析：interesting“有趣的”；interested“感兴趣的”。become interested in“对……感兴趣”。‎ ‎2．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)First, I wanted to be a fireman, whose uniform looked so coolly.coolly→cool 解析：本句中looked意为“看起来”，为系动词，故应用形容词cool作表语。‎ ‎3．(2019·全国卷Ⅱ)One was that I was amazing at the fact that a sick person could feel much better after seeing a doctor.amazing→amazed 解析：be amazed at意为“对……感到惊奇”。‎ ‎4．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)What I want is not just an ordinarily cafe but a very special one.ordinarily→ordinary 解析：形容词修饰名词，cafe为名词，故此处应用形容词修饰名词，故把ordinarily改为ordinary。‎ ‎5．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)I felt happily that their life had improved.happily→happy 解析：动词felt在此处是系动词，意为“觉得，感觉”，其后应该使用形容词happy作表语。‎ ‎6．(2017·全国卷Ⅰ)It was a relief and I came to a suddenly stop just in the middle of the road.suddenly→sudden 解析：此处需要用形容词修饰后面的名词stop，表示“突然的停止”。‎ ‎7．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow steady.steady→steadily 解析：谓语动词grow是不及物动词，意为“增长，增强”，此处应该使用副词steadily作状语修饰grow。grow steadily意为“稳定地增长”。‎ ‎8．(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)At one time, I even felt my parents couldn't understand me so I hoped I could be freely from them.freely→free 解析：此处需要用形容词作表语。be free from them “摆脱他们”。‎ ‎9．(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is honest.honest→honesty 解析：根据句意和结构可知，此处应该使用名词形式。‎ ‎1．动词变名词的后缀 ‎(1)al表示人、物、行为：(特殊：去e＋al)‎ approve赞成→approval赞成 survive幸存→survival幸存 arrive到达→arrival 到达 refuse拒绝→refusal拒绝 propose提议→proposal提议；建议 ‎(2)ance/ence表示性质、状态或行为 appear出现→appearance出现；外貌 perform表演→performance表演 exist存在→existence存在 prefer较喜欢→preference偏爱 refer参考；查阅→reference参考；查阅 depend依靠→dependence依赖；依靠 ‎*guide指引→guidance引导；指导 ‎(3)ion/tion/ation表示状态或行为 direct指挥；指导→direction方向；指导 expect期待→expectation期待；期望 ‎*explain解释→explanation解释 invite邀请→invitation邀请；请柬 solve解决→solution解决 compete竞争→competition比赛；竞争 pronounce发音→pronunciation发音 describe描述→description描写 ‎* repeat重复→repetition重复 ‎(4)s(s)ion表示行为或状态 discuss讨论→discussion讨论 admit承认→admission承认；准许加入 ‎*decide决定→decision决定 ‎(5)ing具有……(特征)的 hear听→hearing听力；听觉 listen听→listening听；听力 ‎*begin开始→beginning开始部分 ‎(6)ment表示行为、结果等 achieve达到；完成→achievement成就 develop发展→development发展 ‎*(去e)argue争论→argument争论；论据 ‎(7)ure/ture表示行为或状态 fail失败→failure失败 press压；挤→pressure压力 mix混合→mixture混合物 ‎*expose暴露→exposure 面临；暴露 ‎(8)y表示……的动作(或过程)‎ recover恢复→recovery恢复；痊愈 discover发现→discovery发现 ‎*其他常见变化：‎ choose选择→choice选择 vary相异→variety多样化；品种 tend倾向→tendency趋向；趋势 grow生长→growth生长 marry结婚→marriage婚姻 carry搬→carriage客车厢；运输 pack收拾(行李)→package包；盒 post邮寄→postage邮资；邮费 store贮存→storage贮存 ‎2．形容词变名词的后缀 ‎(1)age集合 short短的→shortage不足；短缺 ‎(2)cy表示性质、状态 fluent流利→fluency流利；流畅 accurate准确的→accuracy准确(性)‎ private私有的→privacy隐私 efficient效率高的→efficiency效率 ‎(3)dom表示地位、状况等 free自由的→freedom自由 wise明智的→wisdom智慧 ‎(4)ness表示性质、状态 dark黑的→darkness黑暗 weak虚弱的→weakness虚弱 kind友好的→kindness善良 cold寒冷的→coldness冷淡；冷漠 aware知道的；意识到的→awareness知道；意识 ‎(5)th表示结果、过程、性质、状态 warm温暖的→warmth温暖 true真的→truth真相 ‎*deep深的→depth深(度)‎ strong强壮的→strength力量 long长的→length长度 wide宽的→width宽度 ‎(6)y/ity表示性质或状态 difficult困难的→difficulty困难 honest诚实的→honesty诚实 ‎*safe安全的→safety安全 cruel残忍的→cruelty残忍 responsible负责的→responsibility责任 ‎(7)ent变为ence，ant变为ance，nd变为nse different不同的→difference不同(之处)‎ silent沉默的；不说话的→silence寂静 respond回应→response响应 patient有耐心的→patience耐心 absent缺席的→absence缺席 present出席的→presence出席 confident自信的→confidence信心 convenient方便的→convenience便利 important重要的→importance重要(性)‎ defend防御；保卫→defense/defence防御；保护 ‎1．名词或动词转化为形容词的规律 类别 例词 词尾加y cloud→cloudy, luck→lucky, health→healthy, sleep→sleepy 词尾加 ‎(e)d gift→gifted, talent→talented, advance→advanced 词尾加 ‎ful/less meaning→meaningful/meaningless, care→careful/careless, help→helpful/helpless, harm→harmful/harmless, home→homeless, colour→colourful, use→useless/useful, thank→thankful, peace→peaceful 词尾加 ‎able comfort→comfortable, knowledge→knowledgeable, accept→acceptable, respect→respectable 词尾加 ‎ous danger→dangerous, courage→courageous, humour→humorous 词尾加 ‎ce变为t confidence→confident, difference→different 续表 类别 例词 词尾加al music→musical, person→personal, nation→national, education→educational, tradition→traditional 词尾加ly friend→friendly, week→weekly, loved→lovely 词尾加en wood→wooden, wool→woolen 其他常 见变化 energy→energetic, fool→foolish, pleasure→pleasant/pleased, science→scientific ‎[以重读闭音节结尾的名词变成形容词时，要双写该辅音字母再加y(如sun→sunny, fun→funny等)，以e结尾的名词要去掉e再加y(如noise→noisy、ice→icy等)‎ 动词词尾 加tive attract→attractive，talk→talktive，prevent→preventive ‎2.区分ed 形容词与ing 形容词 解决此类问题有两个切入点：第一，看语境表示的是“令人……”(ing)，还是“感到……”(ed)；第二，看语境说明的是性质特征(ing)，还是感受(ed)。具体如下：‎ ‎(1)ing型形容词主要用于修饰事物，表示事物的性质或特征，常译为“令人……的”；修饰人时，则表示此人具有此性质或特征。‎ The story is very interesting.‎ 这个故事很有趣。(故事本身有趣)。‎ The man is very interesting.‎ 这个人很有趣。(人本身或人的性格有趣)‎ ‎(2)ed型形容词通常用于说明人的感受，常译为“感到……的”，强调人自身的情感波动；修饰事物时，则多修饰smile(微笑)、feeling(感觉)、appearance(外貌)、cry(哭)、face(面部表情)、voice(声音)、mood(情绪)、look(表情)等表示某人情感状况的名词。‎ He had a pleased smile on his face.‎ 他脸上露出了满意的微笑。(a pleased smile意为“满意的微笑”，指某人因感到满意而露出的微笑)‎ He told me the news in a very excited voice.‎ 他以非常激动的声音告诉了我这个消息。(a very excited voice意为“很激动的声音”，指某人因感到激动而发出的声音)‎ ‎3．形容词转化为副词的规律 类别 例词 形容词＋后缀ly clear→clearly, great→greatly,‎ ‎ loud→loudly, sudden→suddenly, sincere→sincerely 以辅音字母y结尾的形容词，把y变为i再加ly happy→happily, angry→angrily, lucky→luckily, heavy→heavily, noisy→noisily 续表 类别 例词 词尾为ble/le的形容词，去掉e，再加y terrible→terribly, possible→possibly, gentle→gently, probable→probably, comfortable→comfortably, responsible→responsibly, suitable→suitably 词尾为ue的形容词，去掉e再加ly true→truly 词尾为ll的形容词，直接加y full→fully, dull→dully 词尾为ic的形容词，加ally basic→basically, scientific→scientifically, specific→specifically, automatic→automatically ‎ Ⅰ.单句语法填空 ‎1．They had both been sentenced to death (die)．‎ ‎2．The girl then plants a kiss on the grass in a heartwarming show of affection (affect)．‎ ‎3．My application (apply) was successful and I spent an enjoyable month learning filmmaking.‎ ‎4．Perhaps he can make his fortune (fortunate) at football.‎ ‎5．I really needed snow, because it was good for my recovery (recover)．‎ ‎6．I was supposed to arrive at the airport on time. Unfortunately (fortunate), I was held up by the heavy traffic jam.‎ ‎7．People certainly have a variety of reasons for going back to school but one important thing to know is, no knowledge is useless (use)．‎ ‎8．There are so many different labels on food nowadays. They are not only confusing (confuse) but also misleading.‎ Ⅱ.单句改错 ‎1．Disappointing as I felt at the shabby campus and the poorlyequipped classroom, I found the teachers patient.‎ Disappointing→Disappointed ‎2．Similar, people prefer movies that reflect their mood.‎ Similar→Similarly ‎3．While having an operation, she had a nearly death experience.‎ nearly→near ‎4．I have read lots of inspired stories of kindness.inspired→inspiring ‎5．In order to make myself understood, I told him how to go there as clear as possible.clear→clearly ‎6．First, we must be friendly and kindly.kindly→kind ‎7．I'm looking forward to your kind reply at your earliest convenient.convenient→convenience ‎8．Even closest friends have quarrels, so don't take it too serious.serious→seriously Ⅲ.语法填空 Chinese President Xi Jinping has praised a group of middle school students for their efforts in satellite design. He said he was pleased with their curiosity and bravery in __1__ (science) exploration. The president also wished the teachers and students in Bayi‎ ‎School __2__ happy new year. ‎ Xi made the praise in a letter __3__ (write)to the students in Beijing's Bayi‎ ‎School on Saturday. A small satellite designed and developed by them __4__ (send) into space last Wednesday at Taiyuan Satellite Launch Center __5__ it was designed to operate in orbit for 180 days.‎ Three months ago, Xi returned to __6__ (he) high school, to visit a laboratory and talk to teachers and students __7__ were designing the small satellite. The president said he was __8__ (extreme) glad to know that the satellite designed by the students would be launched and called on them to become __9__ (build) of the country. Xi warmly encouraged the students __10__ (study) science and contribute to the development of China. He hoped that the students would keep hungry for knowledge and develop their national spirit.‎ 本文是一篇新闻报道。文章主要报道了中国国家主席习近平赞扬了一群中学生在卫星设计方面所做的努力。‎ ‎1．scientific　‎ 解析：考查词性转换。修饰名词exploration，用形容词形式。‎ ‎2．a　‎ 解析：考查冠词。此处表示泛指，故用不定冠词a。‎ ‎3．written　‎ 解析：考查非谓语动词。letter与write之间为被动关系，故用过去分词作定语。‎ ‎4．was_sent　‎ 解析：考查动词的时态和语态。根据句中时间状语last Wednesday可知，用一般过去时。句中主语satellite与动词send之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。‎ ‎5．and　‎ 解析：考查连词。句意：上周三，由他们设计和研制的一颗小卫星在太原卫星发射中心发射升空，并按计划将在轨道上运行180天。前后句之间为并列关系，故用连词and。‎ ‎6．his　‎ 解析：‎ 考查代词。句意：三个月前，习主席回到他的高中。修饰名词high school，用形容词性物主代词。‎ ‎7．who/that　‎ 解析：考查定语从句。句意：三个月前，习主席回到他的高中，参观了一个实验室，并与设计这颗小卫星的老师和学生交谈。先行词为teachers and students，关系词在定语从句中作主语，故用关系代词who/that。‎ ‎8．extremely　‎ 解析：考查词性转换。句意：主席说，知道由学生们设计的卫星将被发射他非常高兴，并呼吁他们成为国家的建设者。修饰形容词glad，用副词形式。‎ ‎9．builders　‎ 解析：考查名词。句意：主席说，知道由学生们设计的卫星将被发射他非常高兴，并呼吁他们成为国家的建设者。根据动词become和介词of可知，这里用名词形式。前无冠词，故用复数形式。‎ ‎10．to_study　‎ 解析：考查非谓语动词。句意：习主席热情地鼓励学生们学习科学，为中国的发展作出贡献。encourage sb. to do sth.鼓励某人做某事。‎ Ⅳ.短文改错 Last month, I took part in a volunteer activity in a village. We start off by bus at 9 o'clock. After a threehour drive, we saw the village surrounded by hills. It was very difficulty to drive on the rocky road, so we got on the bus and walked there. The villagers standing by road welcomed us warm.‎ Cooked with those vegetable grown by the villagers, the lunch was tasted delicious. After lunch, we played games with the village children. Then, we visited an old man live alone on the hillside. We sang a few songs, what made him really happy.‎ I think when doing volunteer work, you help others and you gain happy in return.‎ 答案