高考复习高中英语五大基本句型 8页

英语简单句的五大基本句型 学习目标 Ⅰ．了解英语简单句的五大基本句型。‎ Ⅱ．能够准确判断出简单句的句型。‎ Ⅲ．通过练习熟悉五大句型。‎ 自学指导 Ⅰ．句子结构分类 句子结构分类 简单句（Simple Sentences）‎ 包含一套主谓结构的句子 并列句（Compound Sentences）‎ 包含两个或两个以上主谓结构的句子且句子之间有并列连词and/but等或用分号连接 复合句（Complex Sentences）‎ 包含一个主句和一个从句或一个主句和多个从句的句子，且从句用从属连词引导 Ⅱ．简单句的基本句型（Basic Sentence Patterns）‎ ‎ 英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五中基本句型。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础。‎ 1. 主谓句型（主语 + 不及物动词）S + Vi. ‎ 1.1 Great changes have taken place. ‎ 1.2 We all breathe, eat and drink.‎ 1.3 The blind study in special schools.‎ 1.4 Fighting broke out between the South and North.‎ 1.5 To tell the truth always pays.‎ 1.6 What he said doesn’t matter.‎ 以上例句中的斜体部分是句子的______语。主语是一个句子的主题，是句子所述说的主体。它的位置一般在一句之首。可用作主语的有_____, ______, _______, _______, _______等等。谓语动词说明主语的动作和状态。以上例句中，我们不难看出，句子的谓语动词是不及物动词，这些不及物动词可以是单个动词也可以是短语，由此，可以归纳出这些例句都属于_______ 句型。‎ 此句型的特点是谓语动词是不及物动词，本身能表达完整的意思，后面不需要跟宾语，但有时可跟副词、介词短语等做状语。如：‎ He laughted. John has read widely. He lives in London.‎ ‎【练一练】找出下列句子的主语并注意谓语动词。‎ 1） Two days passed.‎ 2） The war ended peacefully.‎ 3） The girl came in quietly.‎ 1） The group of children went there on foot.‎ 2） It is blowing.‎ 3） Everybody is now studying hard.‎ 4） The story spread all over the town.‎ 5） The book sells well.‎ 6） We live to devote.‎ 7） The sun has risen.‎ 1. 主谓宾句型（主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语） S + Vt. + O 1.1 I like China.‎ 1.2 He hates you.‎ 1.3 ‎---How many do you need? ---I need two.‎ 1.4 We should help the old and the poor.‎ 1.5 I like working with you.‎ 1.6 I hope to see you again.‎ 1.7 Did you write down what he said?‎ 1.8 I’m looking forward to hearing from you.‎ 1.9 It took me a while to adapt to the job.‎ 1.10 He looks after his little daughter on Sundays 分析以上例句，可以看出斜体部分是句子的______语。句子的宾语可以由_____, ______, ______, _______, _______, ________等充当，它表示及物动词或及物动词短语的对象或内容。或者用于介词后构成介词短语。句子的谓语动词可以是单个的动词也可以是短语，如例句中的look forward to, look after等。这类句型即________句型。‎ 此句型的特点是谓语动词是及物动词，不能表达完整的意思，必须跟有一个宾语。如：‎ Our team beat all the others..‎ ‎【练一练】翻译下列句子，并指出句子的主干（主谓宾）‎ ‎1）I ride a bike to school.‎ ‎2）You’d better follow my advice.‎ ‎3）Do you mind my smoking.‎ ‎4）You should practice writing more.‎ ‎5）The room needs painting.‎ ‎6）Do remember to lock the door.‎ 2. 主系表句型（主语 + 系动词 + 表语） S + Link.V + P 2.1 He is a teacher.‎ 2.2 The best composition is hers.‎ 2.3 Five and five is ten.‎ 2.4 He is asleep.‎ 2.5 His father is thin.‎ 2.6 The picture is on the wall.‎ 2.7 My watch is gone/lost/missing.‎ 2.8 To see is to believe.‎ 1.1 The question is whether they will come.‎ 以上例句中的斜体部分是句子的______语。表语说明主语的性质，状态，特征或身份。通常由_______, _______, _______, _______, _______, ________等充当。以上句型属于_________句型。‎ ‎ 此句型的特点是谓语动词是连系动词，不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语特征、身份、状态的表语。本句型中，系动词除了be以外，还可以是：‎ ‎ 1). Several players lay flat on the playground.‎ ‎ 2). We should remain modest any time.‎ ‎ 3). The picture looks more beautiful at a certain distance.‎ ‎ 4). It is getting warmer and warmer.‎ ‎ 5). Don’t have the food. It has gone bad.‎ ‎ 6) The facts prove true.‎ ‎ 7). The rose smells sweet.‎ ‎ 以上系动词可以分类为：感觉（feel, look, smell, taste, sound）; 仍然（remain, continue, stay, keep）; 变成（become, come, go, get, turn, grow）; 似乎（seem; appear）;证明是（prove, turn out）‎ ‎ 【练一练】 在空白处填上合适的系动词使句意完整。‎ 1） Failure ______the mother of success. 失败乃成功之母。‎ 2） The flower _______ pleasant. 这花闻起来很香。‎ 3） I don’t _______ well today. 今天我感觉不舒服。‎ 4） Getting up early ______ good to one’s health. 早起对健康有益。‎ 5） I ______ angry about it. 我对此十分生气。‎ 6） ‎_______ careful of your health. 小心你的健康。‎ 7） Mr. black’s face slowly ______ red. 布莱克的脸慢慢变红了。‎ 8） The plan ______ very practical. 这个计划听起来很实际。‎ 9） His experiment _______ to be successful。 他的实验证明是成功的。‎ 2. 主谓双宾句型（主语 + 及物动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语） S + Vt. + Oi + Od 2.1 She ordered herself a new dress.‎ 2.2 She cooked her husband a delicious meal.‎ 2.3 He brought you a dictionary.‎ 2.4 He denies her nothing.‎ 2.5 I showed him my picture.‎ 2.6 I gave my car a wash.‎ 2.7 I told him the bus was late.‎ 2.8 He showed me how to run the machine.‎ 仔细观察以上例句，可以看出，斜体部分是句子的宾语，下划线部分也是句子的_____语，也就是一个句子中有两个_______语。不难发现，斜体部分为“人或者物”，称为间接宾语；下划线部分为“物或者事”，称为直接宾语。这类句型叫做________句型。‎ 此句型的特点是谓语动词是及物动词，后面跟有两个宾语，这两个宾语都是动作的对象或承受者，其中指人的是间接宾语，指物的是直接宾语。当间接宾语放在直接宾语之后时，通常需要介词for或to。可跟双宾语的动词有：answer, bring, buy, find, get, give, lend, make, pass, pay, send, show, sing, take, teach, tell, write等。如：‎ ‎ Mr. Li told us an interesting story.‎ ‎ Would you please give this dictionary to Li Hua.?‎ ‎ She ordered a new dress for herself.‎ ‎ I showed my picture to him.‎ ‎ 【练一练】改写句子，不改变句意。‎ 1） He gave me a red rose. = ______________________.‎ 2） She made me a beautiful dress. = _________________________.‎ 3） He brings cookies to me every day. = ________________________.‎ 4） My father bought my sister a personal computer. = __________________________.‎ 5） He never lends his car to others. = _________________________.‎ 6） Show me your license. = ________________________.‎ 7） Can you spare the children some minutes? = ______________________________.‎ 8） The police offer 3 meals a day to the prisoners. = __________________________.‎ 1. 主谓宾补句型（主语 + 及物动词 + 宾语 + 宾语补足语） S + Vt. + O + C 1.1 They named the child Jim.‎ 1.2 He boiled the egg hard.‎ 1.3 He painted the door green.‎ 1.4 I found the book very interesting.‎ 1.5 We saw him out.‎ 1.6 The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take over.‎ 1.7 I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul. 我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。‎ 分析以上句子，可以看出，动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语才能使意思完整，这个补充成分叫做_________语。(斜体部分即宾语的补足语)，可以用作宾语补足语的有_______, _______, ________, _________, _________等。这个句型称作_________句型。‎ 此句型的特点是谓语动词后虽然跟有一个宾语，但意思还不完整，必须加上另外一个成分（宾语补足语）对宾语进行补充说明。常用于这个句型的动词有：‎ 1） 感官动词：see, notice, observe, watch, hear, listen to, feel, find, smell 2） 使役动词：have, let, make, get 3） 表示心理状态的动词：consider, think, believe, find, imagine, suppose, prove 4） 表示情感状态的动词：love, prefer, hate, want, wish, expect ‎5) 动词keep/leave使/让…保持某种状态 ‎ We must keep our school clean.‎ ‎ They made him their monitor. ‎ 2. 复杂句式都是由这五种基本句型拓展而成。如果在名词或代词前或后面加上词，短语或者句子来修饰，那么这些修饰或限制名词或代词的词，词组或句子就是定语。 如：‎ 2.1 He is a chemistry teacher.‎ 2.2 We belong to the third world.‎ 1.1 He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.‎ 1.2 The woman with a baby in her arms is my sister.‎ 1.3 The boys playing football are in Class 2.‎ 1.4 You should do everything that I do.‎ 1.5 I have an idea to do it well.‎ 通过以上例句可以看出，用作定语的可以是名词，代词，数词，形容词，介词短语，动名词，分词，不定式或从句。‎ 2. 在英语中，修饰动词，形容词，副词以及全句的成分叫状语。如：‎ 2.1 The girl is improving remarkably.‎ 2.2 He ran for shelter.‎ 2.3 Because he was ill, Tom lost his job.‎ 可以用作状语的有副词，分词，不定式，介词短语或从句。‎ 句子成分详解一览表及巧记口诀 句子成分 意义及位置 充当词类 例句 主语 The Subject 表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事”。通常在句子前部。‎ 名词、代词、数词、不定式、动名词、短语或句子。‎ We study in No. 17 middle school.‎ Jim is an American boy.‎ Two heads are better than one.‎ 谓语 The Predicate 说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或“怎么样”。通常在主语后（除疑问、倒装句外）。‎ 由动词或动词词组充当。‎ Time tries all thing.(时间检验一切）‎ Lucy is dancing under the tree.‎ Her parents are both workers.‎ 宾语 The Object 表示动作、行为的对象。在及物动词或介词后。‎ 同主语的充当词类 Love me, love my dog. (爱屋及乌）‎ These girls like English.‎ Did you see him yesterday?‎ 表语 The Predicate 与系动词连用，一起构成谓语部分、说明主语的性质、特征。常在系动词之后。‎ 同主语的充当词类 His father is a bus driver.‎ My car is white.‎ We were at school yesterday.‎ Health is wealth. (健康就是财富。）‎ 定语 The Attribute 用来修饰名词或代词。单个词常在修饰的词前，短语或句子在被修饰的词之后。‎ 形、代、数、名、介词短语或相当于形容词的词或短语。‎ The red one is mine.‎ What is his name?‎ A friend in need is a friend indeed.‎ ‎ (患难见真情。）‎ 状语 The Attribute 修饰动词、形容词、副词，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。位置较灵活。‎ 通常由副词、介词短语或相当于副词的词或短语来表示。‎ Our teacher works very hard.‎ She often helps Mike.‎ They had a meeting in Shanghai.‎ 宾语补足语 The Object ‎ Complement 宾语的补足语，逻辑上与宾语是“主谓”关系。在宾语后。‎ 由形容词、名词、介词短语等充当。‎ We named the baby Lily.‎ She made the room clean.‎ 同位语 The Appostive 重复指代并进一步说明名词及名词性词语。在被修饰词后。‎ 名词、名词性短语、从句等。‎ They all work hard.‎ John, a friend of hers, has gone.‎ 主语谓语是基础，宾表定状补辅助。‎ 宾主来自名代数，动词作谓不可无。‎ 自主检测 分析下列句子属于基本句型的哪一种？‎ 1. Our school is not far from my home. ‎ 2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you. ‎ 3. All o us considered him honest. ‎ 4. My grandfather brought me a pair of sports shoes. ‎ 5. He broke a piece of glass. ‎ 6. He made it clear that he would leave the city. ‎ 7. I love you more than her, child. ‎ 8. Trees turn green when spring comes ‎ 9. Grandma told me an interesting story last night. ‎ 10. They pushed the door open. ‎ 11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends. ‎ 12. All the students think highly of this teaching. ‎ 13. We need a place twice larger than this one. ‎ 14. He asked us to sing an English song. ‎ 15. Don’t get nervous. ‎ 16. We will make our school more beautiful. ‎ 17. He didn’t come. That is why he didn’t know. ‎ 18. She showed us her many of her pictures. ‎ 19. The old man lives a lonely life. ‎ 20. Luckily the 1989 earthquake did not happen in the center of town. ‎ 当堂训练 指出下面句子分别属于哪个句型 ‎ ①I will spend this summer holiday in the countryside. ②In the modern city, there are some problems, such as air pollution, crowdness and noise. ③In the countryside I can enjoy a comfortable and quiet life. ④There, the air is fresh and the water is clean. ⑤I can hear birds singing in the green trees. ⑥I can also go boating, fishing, and swimming in the lake. ⑦All this will be interesting and good for my health. ⑧So I want to go to the countryside for a change. ‎ 1. ‎( S + V ) _______________2. ( S + V +O ) _________________‎ ‎3. ( S + V + C ) ____________________4. ( S + V + IO + DO ) _______________‎ ‎5. ( S + V + O + C ) __________________6. There be 句型 ______________‎ 基本句型（一）主语+不及物动词 ( S + V )‎ ‎1. 他昨天早上起床很晚。_________________________________________‎ ‎2. 那天晚上我们谈了很多。_______________________________________‎ ‎3. 会议将持续两个小时。_________________________________________‎ ‎4. 1919年，在北京爆发了“五四”运动.( the May Fourth Movement)‎ ‎_________________________________________________________‎ ‎5. 这个盒子重五斤。(kilo)‎ ‎_________________________________________________________‎ ‎6. 五年前我住在北京。‎ ‎_________________________________________________________‎ ‎7. 在过去十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。‎ ‎_________________________________________________________‎ 基本句型（二）主语+及物动词+宾语( S + V +O )‎ ‎1. 昨晚我写了一封信。__________________________________________‎ ‎2. 我父亲能流利地说英语。fluently_________________________________‎ ‎3. 你介意我开窗户吗？__________________________________________‎ ‎4. 你们必须在两周之内看完那些书。‎ ‎____________________________________________________________‎ ‎5. 他指出我的作文中的错误。point out, composition ‎____________________________________________________________‎ ‎6. 我们必须派人去请医生。________________________________________‎ ‎7. 你在工作中可以依靠他。________________________________________‎ ‎8. 写完作文后，我们必须检查一遍。go over ‎__________________________________________________________‎ 基本句型（三）主语+系动词+表语( S + V + C )‎ ‎1.我的兄弟都是大学生。_____________________________________________‎ ‎2. 这本书是关于美国历史的书。_______________________________________‎ ‎3. 她的工作是在幼儿园里照看儿童。nursery ‎________________________________________________________________‎ 4. 他失业了。____________________________________‎ ‎5. 树叶已经变黄了。______________________________________‎ ‎6. 这个报告听起来很有意思。‎ ‎__________________________________________________________‎ ‎7. 布朗夫人看起来很健康。_____________________________________‎ ‎8. 十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。pianist ‎__________________________________________________________‎ ‎9. 孩子们，请保持安静。 ______________________________________‎ 基本句型（四）主语+及物动词+间接宾语+直接宾语 ( S + V + IO + DO )‎ ‎1. 奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。‎ ‎__________________________________________________________‎ ‎2. 请把那本字典递给我好吗？dictionary ‎_________________________________________________________‎ ‎3. 我父亲已经给我买了一辆新自行车。‎ ‎_________________________________________________________‎ ‎4. 我替你叫辆出租车好吗？____________________________________‎ ‎5. 这个学期我已经给父母写过三封信了。___________________________________‎ ‎6. 他把车票给列车员看。conductor________________________________________‎ 基本句型（五）主语+及物动词+宾语+宾语补足语 ( S + V + O + C )‎ ‎1. 我们大家都认为他是诚实的。consider ‎________________________________________________________________‎ ‎2. 我们把小偷释放了。set…free_________________________________________‎ ‎3. 他叫我们参加做游戏。_____________________________________________‎ ‎4. 我要你把真相告诉我。_____________________________________________‎ ‎5. 每天早晨，我们都听到他大声朗读英语。‎ ‎__________________________________________________________‎ ‎6. 那可怕的声音把孩子们吓坏了。make…frightened ‎_____________________________________________________________‎ ‎7. 他每个月理一次发。___________________________________________________‎ 8. 我们要使学校变得更美丽。_____________________________________________‎