2020届人教版高考英语必修四课堂要点精析讲义：Unit1SectionⅠWarmingUp&Reading 14页

You probably know who Marie Curie was, but you may not have heard of Rachel Carson. Of the outstanding ladies listed below, who do you think was the most important woman of the past 100 years?‎ Jane Addams (1860－1935)‎ Anyone who has ever been helped by a social worker has Jane Addams to thank. Addams helped the poor and worked for peace. She encouraged a sense of community (社区) by creating shelters and promoting education and services for people in need. In 1931, Addams became the first American woman to win the Nobel Peace Prize.‎ Rachel Carson (1907－1964)‎ If it weren’t for Rachel Carson, the environmental movement might not exist today. Her popular 1962 book Silent Spring raised awareness of the dangers of pollution and the harmful effects of chemicals on humans and on the world’s lakes and oceans.‎ Sandra Day O’Connor (1930－present)‎ When Sandra Day O’Connor finished third in her class at Stanford Law School, in 1952, she could not find work at a law firm because she was a woman. She became an Arizona state senator (参议员) and, in 1981, the first woman to join the U．S. Supreme Court. O’Connor gave the deciding vote in many important cases during her 24 years on the top court.‎ Rosa Parks (1913－2005)‎ On December 1, 1955, in Montgomery‎, ‎Alabama, Rosa Parks would not give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger. Her simple act landed Parks in prison. But it also set off the Montgomery bus boycott. It lasted for more than a year, and kicked off the civilrights ‎ movement. “The only tired I was, was tired of giving in，” said Parks.‎ Section_ⅠWarming Up & Reading — Prereading ‎ A STUDENT① OF AFRICAN WILDLIFE It is 5：45 am and the sun is just rising over Gombe National Park in East Africa. Following Jane’s way of studying chimps②， our group are all going to visit them in the forest. Jane has studied these families of chimps for many years and helped people understand how much they behave③ like humans. Watching a family of chimps wake up④ is our first activity of the day. This means going⑤ back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the night before⑥. Everybody sits and waits in the shade of⑦ the trees while the family begins to wake up and move off⑧. Then we follow as they wander into the forest. Most of the time, chimps either feed or clean each other as a way of showing love in their family. Jane warns us that our group is going to be very tired and dirty by the afternoon and she is right. However, the evening makes it all worthwhile⑨. We watch the mother chimp and her babies play in the tree⑩. Then we see them go to sleep together in their nest⑪ for the night. We realize that the bond⑫ between members of a chimp family is as strong as in a human family.‎ ‎①student在此不作“学生”讲，而是“研究者”“学者”的意思。‎ ‎②现在分词短语following Jane’s way of studying chimps作方式状语。‎ ‎③behave/bI’heIv/vt.&vi.举动；(举止或行为)表现 behave oneself/well守规矩/举止得体 behaviour/bI’heIvjə/n.(＝behavior)行为；举止；习性 ‎④动名词短语watching a family ...作主语，谓语动词用单数形式。‎ ‎⑤mean doing sth.意味着做某事 mean to do sth.打算做某事 ‎⑥where引导的定语从句修饰the place。在定语从句中现在分词短语sleeping in a tree作后置定语。‎ ‎⑦in the shade of ...在……的阴凉处 shade/ʃeId/n.荫；阴凉处 vt.遮住光线 ‎⑧move off离开；起程；出发 ‎⑨worthwhile/wɜːθ’waIl/adj.值得的；值得做的 It is worthwhile to do sth./doing sth.做某事是值得的。‎ ‎⑩句中用了“感官动词＋宾语＋宾补”结构，且and后省略了感官动词watch。‎ ‎⑪nest/nest/n.巢；窝 ‎⑫bond/bɒnd/n.联系；关系；结合；纽带 非洲野生动物研究者 ‎[第1段译文]‎ 清晨5点45分，太阳刚从东非的贡贝国家公园的上空升起。我们一行人都准备按照简研究黑猩猩的方法去森林里拜访它们。简研究这些黑猩猩家族已经很多年了，她帮助人们了解了黑猩猩跟人类的行为是多么相似。我们当天的首项活动就是观察黑猩猩一家是如何醒来的。这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开时黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁。大家坐在树荫下等待着，这时候猩猩们睡醒了，准备离开。然后这群黑猩猩向森林深处漫步而去，我们尾随其后。在大部分时间里，黑猩猩或互相喂食，或彼此擦身，这在它们的家族里是表达爱的方式。简预先提醒我们，到下午的时候我们就会又累又脏，她说对了。不过到傍晚时分我们觉得这一切都是值得的。我们看到黑猩猩妈妈跟她的幼子们在树上玩耍，后来看见它们一起回窝里睡觉了。我们认识到黑猩猩家庭成员之间的关系像人类家庭一样紧密。‎ Nobody before Jane fully understood chimp behaviour. She spent years observing⑬ and recording their daily activities. Since her childhood⑭ she had wanted to work with animals in their own environment. However, this was not easy. When she first arrived in Gombe in 1960, it was unusual for a woman to live in the forest⑮. Only after her mother came to help her for the first few months was she allowed to begin her project⑯. Her work changed the way people think about chimps⑰. For example, one important thing she discovered⑱ was that chimps hunt and eat meat. Until then everyone had thought chimps ate only fruit and nuts. She actually observed chimps as a group hunting a monkey and then eating it⑲. She also discovered how chimps communicate with each other, and her study of their body language helped her work out⑳ their social system.‎ ‎⑬observe/əb’zɜːv/vt.观察；观测；遵守 observation/ˌɒbzə’veIʃn/n.观察；观测 ‎⑭childhood/’tʃaIldhʊd/n.童年；幼年时代 in one’s childhood在某人的童年时代 ‎⑮it is/was＋adj.＋for sb.＋to do sth.结构中，it为形式主语，真正的主语是动词不定式。‎ ‎⑯“only＋副词/介词短语/状语从句”位于句首时，句子/主句用部分倒装结构。‎ ‎⑰定语从句people think about chimps修饰先行词the way，省略了关系词that或in ‎ which。‎ ‎⑱she discovered为省略了关系代词的定语从句。‎ ‎⑲此处是“observe＋宾语＋宾语补足语”结构，现在分词短语hunting a monkey and then eating it作宾语补足语。‎ ‎⑳work out计算出；找出……的答案，处理，解决；制订(计划)；弄清楚 ‎[第2段译文]‎ 在简之前没有人完全了解黑猩猩的行为。她花了多年的时间来观察并记录它们的日常活动。从孩提时代起，她就想在动物生活的环境中研究它们。但是，这不是一件容易的事。当她1960年最初来到贡贝时，对女性来说，住进大森林还是很不寻常的事情。她母亲前几个月过来帮她的忙，这才使她得以开始自己的计划。她的工作改变了人们对黑猩猩的看法。比方说，她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩捕猎并吃肉。而在此之前，人们一直认为黑猩猩只吃水果和坚果。她曾经亲眼看到过一群黑猩猩搏杀一只猴子，然后把它吃掉。她还发现了黑猩猩之间是如何交流的，而她对黑猩猩身势语的研究帮助她勾勒出黑猩猩的社会体系。‎ For forty years Jane Goodall has been outspoken about making the rest of the world understand and respect the life of these animals. She has argued that wild animals should be left in the wild and not used for entertainment or advertisements. She has helped to set up special places where they can live safely. She is leading a busy life but she says：‎ ‎“Once I stop, it all comes crowding in and I remember the chimps in laboratories. It’s terrible. It affects me when I watch the wild chimps. I say to myself， ’Aren’t they lucky？’ And then I think about small chimps in cages though they have done nothing wrong. Once you have seen that you can never forget ...”‎ She has achieved everything she wanted to do： working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor’s degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can. She inspires those who want to cheer the achievements of women.,outspoken/aʊt’spəʊkən/adj.直言的；坦诚 be outspoken about sth.对某事直言不讳 respect/rI’spekt/vt.&n.尊敬；尊重；敬意 ‎“making ... and respect”为“make＋宾语＋宾补”结构。‎ argue/’aːɡjuː/vt.&vi.讨论；辩论；争论 entertainment/ˌentə’teInmənt/n.款待；娱乐；娱乐表演 lead a ... life过着……的生活 crowd in(想法、问题等)涌上心头；涌入脑海 once引导时间状语从句，现在分词短语crowding in作方式状语。‎ say to oneself (＝think to oneself)心里想 talk to oneself自言自语 she wanted to do是定语从句，修饰先行词everything。‎ inspire/In’spaIə/vt.鼓舞；激发；启示 inspiration/ˌInspə’reIʃn/n.灵感；鼓舞 cheer vt.为……喝彩 ‎[第3～4段译文]　　‎ ‎40年来，简·古道尔一直在呼吁世人了解并尊重这些动物的生活。她主张应该让野生动物留在野外生活，而不能用于娱乐和广告。她帮助建起了黑猩猩可以安全生活的专门的保护区。她的生活是忙忙碌碌的，然而，她说：‎ ‎“一旦我停下来，所有的一切都会涌上心头，我就会想起实验室里的黑猩猩，太可怕了。每当我看着野生黑猩猩时，这个念头总是萦绕着我。我对自己说：’难道它们不幸运吗？’然后我就想起那些没有任何过错却被关在笼子里的小黑猩猩。一旦你看到这些，你就永远不会忘记……”‎ 她已经完成了她想要做的一切：在动物生活的环境中研究它们，获得博士学位，证明女人能像男人一样在森林里生活。她激励着那些想为女性的成就而欢呼喝彩的人们。‎ Prereading Please match the words with their proper meanings.‎ ‎1．childhood　　　A．giving opinions openly and honestly ‎2．outspoken B．the period of time when someone is a child ‎3．observe C．something important that you succeed in doing by your own efforts ‎4．respect D．to do things that are good, bad, sensible etc.‎ ‎5．argue E．a series of planned activities that are intended to achieve a political aim ‎6．support F．to give sb. the desire, confidence to do sth. well ‎7．inspire G．to admire someone because of his/her knowledge, skill etc.‎ ‎8．behave H．to help or encourage sb./sth. by showing or saying that you agree with them ‎9．campaign I．to see or notice sb.‎ ‎ 10.achievement J．to speak angrily to sb. because you disagree with them ‎1～5　________________　6～10　________________‎ 答案：1～5　BAIGJ　6～10　HFDEC Leadin Look at the following pictures, then discuss who they are and what makes them great.‎ A．Jane Goodall: To work with animals in the wild B．Jody Williams: To prevent the making and use of landmines C．Song Qingling: To work for civil rights, democracy and peace D．Joan of Arc: To drive the English out of ‎France E．Elizabeth Fry: To help improve prison conditions F．Lin Qiaozhi: To help women and children with their illness and health G．Audrey Hepburn: to be a much beloved actress and a special ambassador to help children in Latin America and Africa.‎ H．Marie Curie: to be the only woman scientist who was awarded two Nobel Prizes.‎ I．Empress Wu Zetian: to be the only female monarch (君主) of China 答案：1～5　DEAFC　6～9　BIHG Whilereading ‎ Fastreading ‎1．Read the text quickly and then try to write down the main idea.‎ The text is a story about Jane_Goodall who studied_the_chimps in the Gombe‎ ‎National Park for many years, and she changed the_way_people_think_about_chimps.‎ ‎2．Find out the main idea of each paragraph.‎ ‎(1)Para‎.1　‎　　A．What Jane discovered about chimps.‎ ‎(2)Para.2 B．How the group followed Jane’s way of ‎ studying chimps in the wild.‎ ‎(3)Para‎.3 C．She has achieved everything she wanted to do.‎ ‎(4)Para.4 D．Her attitude to the animals.‎ 答案：(1)～(4)　BADC Carefulreading Read the text and choose the best answers.‎ ‎1．From the first paragraph, we can see that ________.‎ A．the group happened to see a family of chimps wake up B．it must be a tiring job to follow and watch chimp families C．chimps are friendly to humans D．chimps of a family are used to sleeping separately ‎2．Which of the following isn’t Jane’s discovery about chimps?‎ A．Chimps usually live peacefully with other animals.‎ B．Chimps eat meat as well as fruit and nuts.‎ C．Chimps have a social system in some sense.‎ D．Chimps have their body language to communicate with each other.‎ ‎3．From what Jane says, it can be inferred that ________.‎ A．Jane thinks it right for humans to protect chimps in cages B．Jane feels it right to let chimps live in their own environment C．Jane likes to watch chimps in cages D．Jane thinks it dangerous to use chimps for entertainment ‎4．The purpose of the author’s writing this passage is to ________.‎ A．tell us something about the living habits of chimps B．tell us some mistakes common people make about chimps C．tell us the great achievements Jane won in her chimp ‎ observations D．call on human beings to care for chimps ‎ 5.The author writes this passage in a(n) ________ attitude.‎ A．subjective　　　　　 　B．admiring C．ironic D．humourous 答案：1～5　BABCB Studyreading Analyze the following difficult sentences in the text.‎ ‎1．This means going back to the place where we left the family sleeping in a tree the ‎ night before.‎ ‎[句式分析]　‎ ‎[尝试翻译]　这意味着我们要返回前一天晚上我们离开时黑猩猩一家睡觉的大树旁。‎ ‎2．For example, one important thing she discovered was that chimps hunt and eat meat.‎ ‎[句式分析]　‎ ‎[尝试翻译]　比方说，她的一个重要发现是黑猩猩捕猎并吃肉。‎ ‎3．She has achieved everything she wanted to do: working with animals in their own environment, gaining a doctor’s degree and showing that women can live in the forest as men can.‎ ‎[句式分析]　‎ ‎[尝试翻译]　她已经完成了她想做的一切：在动物生活的环境中研究它们，获得博士学位，证明女人能像男人一样在森林里生活。‎ Ⅰ.阅读理解 A Maria (1718－1799) was a famous Italian mathematician. She was described in a book as follows：“Maria was a child prodigy (神童), but was also shy.”‎ She stayed at home, teaching the younger children and following her own studies. When her mother died after giving birth to twentyone children, Maria took over the running of the household. At the age of twenty she started a tenyear project, a book bringing together the work on calculus (微积分学) of Leibnitz and Newton titled Analytic Institutions. Sometimes she would have trouble with a problem, but her mind went on working even in ‎ her sleep; she would sleepwalk to her study and back to bed. In the morning, she would find the answer to the problem waiting on her desk. Her book made her famous; she was living proof of what she had argued at nine years old that women had a right to study science. But Maria had other interests in her life apart from mathematics. She had always worked with the poor people in her area, and she had asked her father for separate rooms and turned them into a private hospital. She worked at the hospital (and another) until she died at the age of eightyone. Maria wrote an important book on mathematics, as well as another unpublished book. She ran a household of over twenty people, and she worked for people who had not had her luck and opportunities. Each one of these things was remarkable, but she did them all.‎ 语篇解读：本文是一篇人物传记。主要介绍了意大利著名数学家Maria的成功经历和她为一些穷人做出的贡献。‎ ‎1．We know from the text that Maria ________.‎ A．was a maths teacher when she was young B．lived a rich life in her childhood C．was born in a large family D．was too shy to teach others 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句可知她妈妈有21个孩子，所以她家是个大家庭。‎ ‎2．It can be inferred from the text that ________.‎ A．there were some good schools for children when Maria was young B．women were not allowed to study science when Maria was a little girl C．women had equal rights to learn anything as boys did D．Maria had the ability to make enough money to bring up her brothers and sisters when her mother died 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据第二段第六句中的“... she was living proof of what she had argued at nine years old that women had a right to study science.”可知，当时是不允许妇女学科学的。‎ ‎3．We know from the text that Maria was also a ______ woman.‎ A．kindhearted　　　　　　　　 B．beautiful C．wellborn D．rich 解析：选A　推理判断题。根据文章后半部分的描述可知，她为别人做了很多事，说明她不仅是一位伟大的数学家，还是一个“热心的、善良的”人。‎ B One retired high school teacher in Canada has a great surprise for his former students ‎ that is 20 years in the making.‎ In 1994, Bruce Farrer's ninth grade English class at Bert Fox Community High School in Saskatchewan, got a special assignment, reported the National Post. Farrer asked his students to write a 10page letter to their future selves, which he then promised to mail to them 20 years later.‎ Farrer kept his promise to those students, as well as other students he taught during his more than 40year career. “I was trying to think of some assignments that would be special, and it just sort of came up. Well, I would try this assignment，” Farrer said on CBC Morning Edition.‎ Although Farrer retired in 2002, he took several boxes of the letters from his former students with him, and began the long and difficult process of tracking them down and mailing the letters. ‎ One former student, Scott Fulton, became a teacher himself and even taught for a while at the high school he went to as a teenager, according to CBC News. He got his letter last week. “I was just feeling honored and grateful，” Fulton said after receiving the handwritten letter.‎ Another former student, DJ Anardi, got the letter from his past self about a month ago. It read “Hey, you goodlooking guy, how is your life？” according to the National Post. Anardi's letter said that he had_a_crush_on the woman at the time who is now his wife.‎ ‎“I think our society now is a society of noncommitment，” Farrer said. “We say we're going to do something, whether it's in a marriage, or with our kids or maybe even with our organizations we join ... I think it's important to have a sense of commitment, and maybe in a minor way, the kids see I value that.”‎ 语篇解读：加拿大的一位中学教师让学生们完成一项作业，那就是给未来的自己写一封信。该教师许诺说20年后会把信寄给这些学生。老师说到做到，学生们也很感动。‎ ‎4．After receiving the letters to their future selves written by themselves 20 years ago, the students were ________.‎ A．shocked　　　　　　　　 B．puzzled C．worried D．interested 解析：选A　细节理解题。根据第一段内容可知，同学们收到信后很吃惊。‎ ‎5．Farrer promised his students that he would ________.‎ A．grade the assignments carefully B．write back to them sooner or later C．send their letters back in the future D．keep in touch with them all the time 解析：选C　细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句“Farrer asked ... which he then promised ‎ to mail to them 20 years later.”可知，他许诺在20年后把信寄给他的学生。‎ ‎6．The underlined phrase “had a crush on” (in Paragraph 6) probably means “________”．‎ A．fell in love with B．took the place of C．caught up with D．broke away from 解析：选A　词义猜测题。根据该短语后面的“who is now his wife”可以推知，DJ Anardi当时爱慕这位女士。‎ ‎7．If you make a commitment, you should ________.‎ A．help others often B．keep your promise C．join an organization D．make your kids satisfied 解析：选B　推理判断题。根据最后一段中的“I think our society now is a society of noncommitment”和“I think it's important to have a sense of commitment”可以推知，如果做出了承诺，你就应当遵守诺言。‎ C Five years after they disappeared, lost jewels belonging to the wife of a US ambassador to the Netherlands were found.‎ Dawn Arnall had already received an insurance payout for her loss. However, the misplaced gems (宝石) had been found and held for safe keeping by a hotel she stayed in. Staff were unaware that the jewels were worth D|S‎9m.‎ The world is full of forgetful people. A man in the English town of Reading even left a sausage casserole in a bus. The dish ended up in the Lost Property Office until it was recovered by his mother, eager for her dinner.‎ A walker in the Lake District had his food in his mouth but ... what about his teeth? After climbing a hill in 2007, David Packer stopped for a chocolate bar. He took his false teeth out, wrapped them up in a tissue and just forgot about them. It took more than a year for the walker to be reunited with them.‎ Over the past 78 years passengers on London's transport network have left behind items including human skulls and gas masks from World War Ⅱ. Since 1934, staff have handled an average of 200,000 items a year. Recently they have used computers to try to track down their owners. ‎ But if you find something and can't locate the rightful owner, is it finders_keepers? It depends on what's found and how, says John Spencer, professor of law at the University‎ of ‎Cambridge.‎ ‎“If you pick up a coin, you can keep it unless you saw someone drop it, as you wouldn't be able to find the owner by taking reasonable steps.”‎ If it's a larger sum, you should report it to the police but if the item has been abandoned,‎ ‎ the property is yours. One man's loss is another man's gain!‎ 语篇解读：世上有很多健忘的人，他们经常把一些东西遗忘在某些地方，如果你拾到这些东西，该如何处理呢？从本文中寻找答案吧。‎ ‎8．Dawn Arnall is mentioned in the first two paragraphs to ________.‎ A．attract readers' attention to the jewellery B．introduce the topic C．make a summary D．get people think 解析：选B　推理判断题。由第三段首句“The world is full of forgetful people.”以及下文的语境可知，此处举例的目的是引出话题——世界上健忘的人有很多，故答案为B。‎ ‎9．What does the underlined part in the sixth paragraph mean?‎ A．It depends on the law whether to keep something you find.‎ B．One man's loss is another man's loss too.‎ C．It's immoral to keep something that doesn't belong to you.‎ D．Whoever finds something can keep it.‎ 解析：选D　词义猜测题。由上文“But if you find something and can't locate the rightful owner(拾到某物却找不到失主)”可推测出，此处表示谁拾到的东西归谁所有，故选D。‎ ‎10．How should you deal with the money you pick up according to John Spencer?‎ A．Keep it to yourself. B．Find the rightful owner.‎ C．Take reasonable steps. D．Report it to the police.‎ 解析：选C　细节理解题。由第六段中的“It depends on what's found and how”可知，John Spencer认为拾到的东西如何处理要根据情况而定，即采取合理的方法来处理。故答案选C。‎ Ⅱ.阅读七选五 ‎ Five Easy Ways to Feel Your Best During the busiest days, people often withstand great stress. Stress is no good for your mind or your body. Studies have found that your chance of a heart attack increases 9.5 times after an intense event. Anxious feelings can also lead to sore skin. __1__‎ One: Make Time for Meditation (冥想)．‎ You don't need to meditate for hours to reap the benefits — just ten minutes a day can make a difference. The key is to find quiet moments you can commit to. Whether you opt (选择) for the moment in the morning or just before bed, you'll feel calmer in no time.‎ Two: __2__‎ Essential oils smell amazing, and they've also been associated with reduced stress levels and may even be able to kill the flu virus. Whether you prefer peppermint or lavender,‎ ‎ fifteen minutes is a great way to keep your mood on the up and up.‎ Three: Listen to Music.‎ ‎__3__ What's even more interesting, though, is that the type of music may matter less than the act of listening. From classical to heavy metal, music of all sorts can help ease tension. Pick a song, kick back, and tune out.‎ ‎ Four: Take a Walk.‎ Plenty of research has shown how bad sitting all day can be for your productivity and your overall health, but it also turns out a lunchtime stroll may be even more beneficial than it's thought previously. __4__ It's just another reason to keep flats in your desk drawer.‎ Five: Take Vitamins.‎ When we are under great pressure, we tend to desire sugary and fatty foods. Stocking up on betterforyou snacks is one way to avoid diet problems. __5__‎ A．Smell the Difference.‎ B．Breathe the fresh air.‎ C．Making sure you remember to take your vitamins is another.‎ D．One study found that a short walk can boost creative thinking.‎ E．The following five steps can make the busiest days easy and fun.‎ F．Now it's time to focus your enterprising spirit using the following five steps.‎ G．Multiple studies have shown that enjoying a little music can reduce stress.‎ 语篇解读：压力对大脑和身体都没有好处。研究表明，压力能诱发心脏病，还可导致皮肤疼痛。由此可知，缓解压力尤为重要，那么，如何开启轻松愉快的一天呢？‎ ‎1．选E　由大标题和下面黑体文字可知空格处应选E。此处表示以下五种方式让繁忙的日子变得轻松愉快。‎ ‎2．选A　由空格下面的“smell”“reduced stress levels” “kill the flu virus”“keep your mood on the up and up”可知嗅不同的气味有减少压力、杀死流感病毒、改善心情的功能，故空格处选A。此处表示嗅出不同。‎ ‎3．选G　由小标题“Three：Listen to Music”及空格后的“the type of music”“music of all sorts can help ease tension”可知音乐具有减轻压力的作用。G项表示多项研究表明听音乐具有缓解压力的作用，故选G。‎ ‎4．选D　由小标题“Four：Take a Walk”及空格前的“how bad sitting ... your overall health”和“a lunchtime stroll ... thought previously”再结合选项可知选D。选项D中的“a short walk”与此标题下的内容照应，也是解题暗示。‎ ‎5．选C　空格前句子中的“one way”与选项C中的another呼应，故选C。此处表示储备一些对你有好处的零食是避免上述饮食问题的一个方法，记得服用维他命则是另外一种应对方法。‎