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高考英语二轮复习核心考点总动员专题04介词含解析

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只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 1 专题 04 介词 关键词:表时间的介词,表空间和方位的介词,表工具、手段的介词,表原因的介词,易混 介词。 难度系数:✱✱✱✱ 推荐指数:✱✱✱✱✱ 【基础回顾】 考点归纳: 介词是英语中比较活跃的词,考纲词汇表中列出的必学的基本介词有 50 多个:about,above, according to,across,after,against,along,among,around,at,before,behind, below,beside,besides,between,beyond,but,by,down,during,except,except for, for,from,in,inside,into,like,near,of,off,on,onto,opposite,outside, over,past,since,through,throughout,till,until ,to,toward(s),under,up, upon,with,within,without。常见的介词的考查主要有: 1.介词的意义,尤其是一些介词的特定含义。 2.介词的近义词的用法区别,主要包括:示时间的介词;表示空间、方位的介词;表示手段、 工具的介词;表示原因、目的的介词等等。 3.介词的固定用法。 4. with 的复合结构。单独列出来是因为 with 的这一用法非常重要,尤其是在语法填空题 和短文改错题中考到。 基础必读: 一、介词的句法功能 介词不能独立在句中做成份,介词后必须与名词、代词、或动名词构成介词短语在句中充当 一个成份,表示人、物、事件等与其它人、物、事件等之间的关系。 1、作定语:The book on the table is mine. 2、作状语:We have breakfast at seven.(表时间);They were late for meeting because of the heavy rain.(表原因);They started the machine by pressing the button.(表 方法) 3、作表语:My dictionary is in the bag. 4、作宾语补足语:I found him in the office. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 2 二. 常用介词的用法 1. 表示时间的介词 (1)at, in, on 和 by A. at 的用法: a. 时间的一点、时刻等,e.g. at 12:00, at noon, at night, at midnight, at dawn, at daybreak b. 较短暂的一段时间,可指某个节日或被认为是一年中标志大事的日子,e.g. at Christmas, at New Year, at the Spring Festival B. in 的用法: a. 表示在某个较长的时间内(如世纪、朝代、年代、月及泛指上午、下午和傍晚等), e.g. in the 1980s, in Qing Dynasty, in October, in the morning b. 表示在一段时间之后,e.g. I’ll be back in an hour. C. on 的用法: a. 用于表示具体的日子或一个特定的时间,如某日、某节日、星期几等。e.g. on October 1st, on a rainy day, on National Day b. 用于表示特定的上午、下午或晚上。e.g. on the eve of victory (胜利前夕),on the morning of January 3rd, on the afternoon of his arrival c. 准时、按时 on time D. by 的用法: a. 表示“不迟于,在(某时)前”,e.g. He must have arrived there by now. b. 表示“在……间”“在……时间”,e.g. He worked by day and slept by night. 温馨提示:当时间名词前被 this,that,last,next,some,every 等词限定时,通常 不用任何介词。 (2) after 与 in 二词均可表示在某一段时间后,但该时段的起点不同。 A. in 的用法: in 表示以此刻为起点的将来一个时段之后,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。 e.g. My father will be back from abroad in three days. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 3 B. after 的用法: a. 与表示一段时间的词连用,常与过去时态的谓语动词连用,这时相当于“一段时间 + later” e.g. He left home and went to the front after two days / two days later. b. 与表示时间点的词连用,常与将来时态的谓语动词连用。 e.g. I’ll go and see her after three o’clock. 易错误区:“in the past”意为“在过去”,与过去时态的谓语动词连用。如 In the past, no villagers dared do that; “in the past / last + 时间段”意为“在过去的……中 / 内”,表示从现在算起过去的一段时间,包括此时此刻在内,常与现在完成时态连用。如 In the past / last few years, great changes have taken place in this village. (3)during, for, from 和 since during 除具备 in 表时间段的用法外,还可指在某一活动过程中,e.g. during the night, during the fire,during the meeting。for 后接时间段的名词词组,表示行为状态持续 了多久,e.g. I have lived in this city for more than 10 years. from 接时间点的 名词词组,表示行为或状态的起始点,而不涉及其持续时间的长短,e.g. My younger sister began to learn dance from the age of five. since 接时间点的名词词组,不仅表示 行为或状态的起始点,而且还强调该行为或状态从起始点一直持续到此时此刻,因而与延续 性动词的现在完成时连用,e.g. I have been working in this factory since I graduated in 1993. 2. 表示空间和方位的介词 (1)above, over, on, below, under, beneath A. above 侧重于相对水平高度,不一定在正上方,其反义词是 below。 e.g. The sun is above the mountain in the east. The position he pointed to was below the sea level. B. over 侧重于垂直高度,即位于正上方,其反义词是 under。 e.g.Be careful, there is a heavy box over your head. The little mouse is under the table, so it is not easy to find it. C. on 侧重于与物体表面接触,其反义词是 beneath。 e.g.There are some stamps on the desk. (2) across, over, through, past 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 4 四个词都与表示运动的动词有关。across 意为“横穿,穿越”,表示运动发生在物体的 表面;over 意为“跨过,越过”,表示运动发生在物体的上方;through 意为“穿过,通过”, 表示运动发生在某物的空间;past 意为“从旁边经过”,表示运动发生在某物旁边。 e.g. The Great Wall winds its way from west to east, across deserts, over mountains, through valleys, till at last it reaches the sea. After the meeting, I went past the past office straight to my home. (3) at, in, on 三者均表示地点,“在……处” A. at a. 用于指较小的地方,e.g. We’ll meet each other at the park. b. 用于门牌号码前,e.g. My grandparents live at 105 Beijing Road. B. in 用于指较大的地方,e.g. She lived in Hong Kong for 20 years. C. on 一般指与面或线接触,e.g. Put the pictures on the wall. (4) near, by, beside, at 四个词都表示“在……附近”,但侧重点不同。 A. near 表示相对的“近”,而实际距离可能并不近。 e.g. A new hospital is being built near our school. B. by 和 beside 都表示“靠近”,但 beside 比 by 更具体地表示出“在……旁边”的意思。 e.g. I planted an apple tree by the river. The girl was sitting beside her mother. C. at 表示“在……旁边”之意,但多表示有目的的和所处的位置,而 by 和 beside 仅表示 位置关系。 e.g. We are sitting at the desks listening to our teacher. (5) to, for, toward(s) 用于表示来往行动动词之后,表示行动的方向,多用 to,e.g. go,come, walk,run, dash,rush,move,fly,return,lead,take 等;用于表示“起程,出发,离开”的动词 之后,多用 for,e.g. leave,start,set off 等;用于表示“朝……方向”时,to 和 towards 是同义词,不表到达,而 to 不仅表方向,还表到达。 e.g. After the soldiers got well prepared, they set off for the front. The plane is flying towards the north, but it’s difficult to decide which area it’s flying to. (6)in, on, to 在方位名词前的区别,三词都可表示两地之间的位置关系。 in 表示在范围之内,e.g. Shandong Province is / lies in the east of China.;to 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 5 表示在某范围之外的地方,e.g. Japan is / lies to east of China.;on 表示“毗邻、 接壤”,e.g. Mongolia is / lies on the north of China.。 (7) between,among 二词均表示“在……中间,在……之间”。 between 表示在二者之间,有时 between 之后也可能出现三个或三个以上的宾语,但这时 所强调的仍然是其中每两者之间的相互关系,e.g. This secret is only between you and me. 而 among 指在三者或三者以上之间,e.g. We’ll visit a town among the mountains. 温馨提示:但有时说的虽然是三个以上的人或东西,如果强调的是两两相互间接关系,适 用于 between。 e.g.:Agreements were made between the different countries. 在谈到一些事物或一组 事物,而把它们视为分居两边时用 between。e.g.:The little valley lies between high mountains.。在谈事物间的差别时,总是用 between。e.g.:They don’t know the difference between wheat, oats and barley. (8) in,on 二词均可表示“在……上”,描写两个物体的接触情况。 in 侧重于接触的深度,e.g. We found a square hole in the west wall. on 侧重于表面接触,e.g. There is a map of the world on the wall. 温馨提示: ①英语中若打击某人的脸、眼、嘴、胸、腹等部位时,用 in,e.g. They hit the boy in the face and then ran away.而打击头、额、鼻、耳、颈、肩、腿等部位时,用 on, e.g. The teacher patted the boy on the head and comforted him. ②表示植物本身生长出来的叶、花、果等,用 on,e.g. There are lots of apples on the tree. ③表示植物本身以外的人或动物“在树上”,用 in the tree,意指被枝叶遮掩其中。 e.g. Birds often play in the tree. (9)after,behind 二词表示“在……之后”。 after 多指动作顺序的先后,behind 表示静态位置的前后。二者表示位置时常可通用。 e.g. Winter comes after autumn. Behind the hospital stood a school. Shut the door after / behind you. 3. 表示工具、手段、方式的介词 (1) by,in,on 三词都表示旅行的方式 A. by 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 6 a. 不涉及交通工具的名词时用 by,名词前不带冠词,e.g. by sea, by water, by land, by rail b. 涉及交通工具的名词时用 by,但名词须用单数,其前面不加冠词或任何修饰语,e.g. by bike, by taxi, by plane, by ship / boat, by train, by spaceship B. 当旅行方式涉及到确定特指的交通工具时,用 on 或 in,名词前应有冠词、物主代词、 指示代词等修饰语,e.g. travel to New York in this plane; leave on an early train; go to school on my bike 温馨提示:步行、骑马等均可用 on,如 on foot, on horseback, on a horse, on the camel (2) with,by,in 三词均译为“用”,表示行为的工具、手段或方式。 A. with 用于有形的工具或身体某些器官等,其后的名词多被冠词、物主代词等修饰。 如 They are digging with a pick / spade. We see with our eyes, hear with our ears, and walk with our legs. B. by,in,on,over,through 等多用于无形的工具或方式手段。 如 by hand, in ink, on the telephone, over the radio, through the telescope 温馨提示: ①使用语言、原料、材料时用 in 表示,e.g. in English / Japanese, in blue ink ②表达“用……方法 / 式”时,所用介词分别为:in this / that / the same … way; by this / that … means, by means of …; with this / that … method 4. 表示原因的介词 (1)at,for,with 三词均可组成介词短语,表示行为或状态的原因、动机或理由。 A. at 常与表示感情色彩的动词、形容词或过去分词搭配,后接表示具体事物的名词。 e.g. We were excited / happy / frightened at the news. I was angry at her words. B. for 和 with 后接表示感情的抽象名词,其中 with 侧重于随着心理变化而发生的感情变 化。 e.g. She often hangs down her head for shame. He went red with anger. (2)because of,due to,thanks to 三个词组均意为“由于,因为” A. because of“因为,由于”,通常作状语,位于句首或句尾。 e.g. The sports meet will be put off till next Saturday because of the heavy rain. B. due to“因为,由于”,通常作表语。 e.g. His illness was due to smoking and drinking. 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 7 C. thanks to“幸亏,多亏”,既可用于褒义,又可用于贬义,多位于句首。 e.g. Thanks to the Party’s good policy, the famers are now living a happy and rich life. 三、常考的一些易混介词归纳。 1.about,on,of 表示“关于” A. about 侧重于与人或事物有关的事迹或情况。 e.g. The Red Army man told us a story about Chairman Mao. B. on 侧重于阐述或论及相对重大或深奥的理论、学术等问题。 e.g. Who made the report on the situation in the Middle East? C. of 在与 tell,read,know,think 等动词连用时,侧重于粗略涉及,而 about 涉及的情 况则详细得多。 e.g. ---Do you know about that man over there?---No, I know little of him. 2. in 和 of 表示比较范围,均可引出一个可供比较的范围,适用于形容词和副词的最高级, 指三者或三者以上的人或事物的比较。 A. in 表示限定在某个范围内的最高级。e.g. Mary sings best in my class. B. of 表示同一类人或事物中的最高级;用于同类两者之间的比较,但比较级前须加定冠词 the。e.g. Of all the boys, Tom runs the fastest. 3.表示“包括、排除”的介词的区别:besides,except,but,other than,except for, except than / when A. 用于否定句时,besides,except 与 but 可相互替换。如 No other students passed the difficult maths exam except / beside / but Lin Tao and Wu Dong. B. 用于肯定句时的用法 a. except 意为“除……之外”(不再有),e.g. We all passed the exam except Tom. b. besides 意为“除……之外”(还有……),e.g. We all passed the exam besides Tom. 温馨提示:besides 在句中的位置较灵活,可放在句首,亦可放在句中;而 except 多放 在句中。此外,except 前几乎总有 all,any,every,no 及其复合词等;而 besides 前可 用,也可不用,依句意而定。 E.g. He answered all the questions except the last one. I have a few friends besides you. c. except for 意为“除了因为……”,表示除去整体中的一部分,它所叙述的事实或细节 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 8 部分地修正句子的主要意思。 E.g. The composition is good except for a few spelling mistakes. C. except 和 but / other than 都可接名词、代词、动名词、动词原形,可以互换;但 except 后接副词、介词短语、when 从句等时,but / other than 不可替换 except。 e.g. He has always been in high spirits except recently. The window is never opened except in summer. D. but,except 后都可接 that 从句作宾语,二者可互换。 e.g. I asked nothing from him but / except that he should write to me every other week. E. 以上比较了 except,besides,but 作介词的区别,另外,besides 还可用作副词,意为 “而且,还有”。 e.g. I don’t want to go; besides, I am too tired. This is my best suit; I have two other besides. 4.表示时间的 at, in, on: at 表示片刻的时间,e.g.:at 8 o’clock ,常用词组有:at noon, at night, at midnight, at the end of, at that time, at the beginning of, at the age of, at Christmas, at New Year 等。in 表示一段的时间,e.g.:in the morning, in the afternoon, in the evening, in October, in 1998, in summer, in the past, in the future 等。on 总是跟日子有关, on Monday, on Christmas morning, on the following, on May Day, on a warm morning 等。 5.表示时间的 since 和 from: since 表示从过去到现在的一段时间的过程,常与现在完成时连用。from 表示从时间的某一 点开始,不涉及与现在的关系。一般多与现在时、过去时、将来时连用。 e.g.:I hope to do morning exercises from today./ We have not seen each other since 1995. 6.表示时间的 in 和 after: 两者都表示“在(某个时间)之后”,区别在于 in 表示“在(一段时间)之后”,而 after 则表示“在(某一具体时间点之后)”,in 短语和将来时态连用,after 短语和过去时态或将 来时态连用。 e.g.:We’ll be back in three days./ After seven the rain began to fall./ What shall 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 9 we do after graduation? 温馨提示:after 有时也可以表示在一段时间之后(常用在过去时里)。e.g.:After two months he returned. 7、as, like: as 作“作为”、“以……地位或身份”解。e.g.:Let me speak to you as a father.(事 实是父亲);like 作“象……一样”解。e.g.:Let me speak to you like a father.(事 实上不是父亲)。 8、in, into: into 表示动向,不表示目的地或位置。e.g.:We walked into the park.;in 通常表示位 置。e.g.:We walked in the park;in 和 drop, fall, put, throw, break 等终止性动词 连用时,也可以表示动向。e.g.:I have put the coin in (into) my pocket.我把硬币放 进衣袋 【技能方法】 介词知识是高考中的必考内容,也是教学的重点和难点。 解答此类试题,可以从以下几个方面着手考虑: 1.应重点掌握介词的基本用法; 2.注意总结其与名词、形容词、副词、动词等搭配构成的短语的意思和用法; 3.注意与同形的连词或者副词的区别; 4.着重记住用法相似的介词。 【基础达标】 1.The conference has been held to discuss the effects of tourism ________ the wildlife in the area. 【答案】on 2.Little Tom cured himself ______ the habit of lying. 【答案】of 【解析】 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 10 试题分析:考查固定搭配。句意:小汤姆改正了自己说谎的毛病。cure sb. of sth.“改正 某人的不良行为”。 3.Andrew was very tired ________ shopping for a whole afternoon but his wife still wanted to go to another shop. 【答案】from 【解析】 试题分析:考查固定搭配。be tired from 因……感到累。句意:Andrew 因为整个下午购物 而感到很累,但是他的妻子仍然想要去另一家商店。故选 B。 【知识归纳】 be tired of 对……厌烦;be tired from 因……感到累。 4.If you are not familiar ________ the topic, you may write something that is familiar ________ you. 【答案】with; to 5.He was warned ________ the dangers he would have to face. 【答案】of 【解析】 试题分析:考查固定短语。warn sb. of sth.警告某人某事。句意:他收到了他将不得不面 对的危险的警告。 【能力提升】 1.(2016·浙江高考)—Are you sure you’re ready for the test? —No problem. I’m well prepared ________ it. 【答案】for 【解析】 试题分析:句意:——你确定你准备好考试了吗?——没问题。我已经做好准备了。 be prepared for 为……做好了准备。 2.(2016·浙江高考)That young man is honest,cooperative,always there when you need 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 11 his help.________ short,he’s reliable. 【答案】in 【解析】 试题分析:句意:这个年轻人是诚实的,有合作精神的,当你需要他的帮助的时候,总是在 那里。简言之,他是可靠的。in short 简言之。 3. (2016· 天津高考)The dictionary is out________ date: many words have been added to the language since it was published. 【答案】of 【解析】 试题分析:句意:这本字典过时了:自从它被出版,很多单词被增加到这个语言中。考查介 词短语。out of date 过时的。 4. (2016•四川高考)Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because________the calcium content,which helps people to relax. 【答案】of 【解析】 试题分析:句意:最新研究显示牛奶对睡眠非常好,因为牛奶钙的含量高,这有助于人们放 松。because of 后接名词 the calcium content 作宾语。 5.(2016·甘肃河西五市部分普通高中一联)One well of the oil field was still burning with huge fire twisting crazily ________ the night sky. 【答案】against 6. (2016·安徽教研素质测试)In the final,we narrowly won the game. ________ be honest,I didn’t expect we had a chance of winning at first. 【答案】To 【解析】 试题分析:考查介词。句意:最后,我们勉强赢了比赛。说实话,最初我没想到我们有赢得 比赛的机会。To be honest 说实话。 【终极闯关】 1. (2016·四川高考) 阅读下面材料,在空白处填入适当的内容(1 个单词) 或括号内单词 的正确形式。 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 12 The giant panda__1__(love) by people throughout the world. Chinese scientists __2__(recent) had a chance to study a wild female panda with a newborn baby. She was a very __3__(care)mother. For 25 days,she never left her baby,not even to find something __4__(eat)!She would not let any other pandas come near. She licked the baby constantly to keep it clean. Any smell might attract natural __5__(enemy)that would try to eat the little panda. The mother held the baby in her front paws much the way a human does.__6__it cried,she rocked it back and forth and gave it little comforting pats. The mother continued to care for the young panda __7__more than two years. By that time,the panda no longer needed __8__(it)mother for food. However, it stayed with her and learned about the ways of the forest. Then,after two and a half years,the mother __9__(drive)the young panda away. It was time for her to have a new baby,__10__it was also time for the young panda to be independent. 【答案】1.is loved 2.recently 3.caring/careful 4.to eat 5.enemies 6.When/If 7.for 8.its 9.drove 10.and 3.caring/careful 考查形容词。作定语应用形容词形式。caring 体贴人的,careful 细 心的。 4.to eat 考查动词不定式。不定式作定语。 5.enemies 考查名词单复数问题。前面没有限定词,因此本空应填名词复数形式。 6.When/If 考查连词。如果小熊猫哭了,她来回摇晃它,给它安慰。when 既可表示时间 也可表示条件。 7.for 考查介词。妈妈继续照顾年轻的熊猫两年多的时间。for+一段时间。 8.its 考查代词。这里指熊猫的妈妈, 作定语,用物主代词形式。 9.drove 考查时态。文章主要时态为一般过去时。两年半之后,母亲把小熊猫赶走。 10.and 考查连词。上下句之间为并列关系。是她有一个新宝宝的时候了,也是小熊猫独 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 13 立的时候了。 考点:考查语法填空 2. 【四川省成都市 2017 届高三第一次诊断性检测】] 假定英语课上老师要求同桌之间交换修改作文,请你修改你同桌写的以下作文。文中 共有 10 处语言错误,每句中最多有两处。每处错误仅涉及一个单词的增加、删除或修改。 增加:在缺词处加一个漏字符号( ),并在其下面写出该加的词。 删除:把多余的词用斜线(\)划掉。 修改:在错的词下划一横线,并在该词下面写出修改后的词。 注意:1.每处错误及修改均仅限一词。 2.只允许修改 10 处,多者(从第 11 处起)不计分。 During my second month of nursing school, our professors gave us a quiz. I had smoothly finished the others' questions when I got stuck on the last one: "What’s the first name of the woman who clean the school ?" I had seen, many times, the woman, tall and in her fifty, but how could I know her name? I handed in my paper, leave the last question blankly. After a class ended, one student asked for the answer for the question. The professor said, "As you know, that in your careers you will meet many people. You should respect them and care about them, even you just smile and say 'hello' to them. J, 【答案】 1. professors 改为 professor 2. others'改为 other 3. clean 改为 cleans 4. fifty 改为 fifties 5. leave 改为 leaving 6. blankly 改为 blank 7. a 改为 the 只有比别人更早、更勤奋地努力,才能尝到成功的滋味。 14 8. for 改为 to 9. that 去掉 10.even 后加 if/though 4. fifty 改为 fifties 考查数词。此处为固定用法,in one’s fifties:某人 50 多岁。 5. leave 改为 leaving 考查非谓语。此处由于不是句子,须把动词 leave 变成非谓语,它 的逻辑主语是 I,两者之间是主动关系,故变成 leaving。 6. blankly 改为 blank 考查固定结构。此处为 leave 的固定结构,leave+宾语+宾补,此 处需用形容词做宾补,故改为 blank。 7. a 改为 the 考查冠词。此处为特指上的这节课,用定冠词 the。 8. for 改为 to 考查介词。此处为固定用法,answer to a questions:问题的答案,故用 介词 to。 9. that 去掉 考查连词。此处是主句,无需加连词,故去掉 that。 10.even 后加 if/though 考查固定搭配。此处意为即使,尽管,用 even if/though。 考点:语篇理解以及语法知识。