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语法奠基课一 学会划分句子成分是学好语法的必备技能
目前的英语教学往往存在对句子成分不够重视的问题,以至于不少考生在这方面比较薄弱。殊不知正确分析句子成分和判断句子结构是学好英语的必备基础,这不仅对语法填空的解答有直接的影响,而且对写好作文、理解完形填空和阅读理解中出现的长难句有重要意义。
众所周知,句子有若干个组成部分,分别承担着不同的作用,这些组成部分叫作句子成分。英语中的句子成分分为主语(subject)、谓语(predicate)、宾语(object)、表语(predicative)、定语(attribute)、状语(adverbial)、补语(complement)和同位语(appositive)八种,它们就像佛教中的八大护法金刚,各司其职,共同呵护着英语这个“极乐世界”。
一、主语——习惯于发号施令,偶尔也会被赶下台
在句子中,主语是谓语所表示动作或状态的执行者。主语一般位于句子开头,且不能省略。但在某些特定的句式里,如:疑问句、倒装句、祈使句、感叹句等,句子主语也可以位于谓语动词之后或省略。能够充当主语的主要有名词(短语)、代词、数词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式(短语)和从句等。
[例1] (2017·浙江11月高考语法填空)...and the best part of the process is that there's enough room for improvement, ________ means you'll just keep getting better and better.
[分析] which 空格处所填词引导非限制性定语从句并在从句中充当主语,且指代前面整个主句的内容,故应填关系代词which。
[练1] (2018·浙江6月高考语法填空) Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.
解析: who/that 分析句子结构可知,空格处引导定语从句,修饰先行词“Many westerners”,且在从句中作主语, 所以应用who或that 引导该定语从句。
二、谓语——坚决服从主语“领导”,执行命令雷厉风行
谓语描述主语的行为动作或具有的特征和状态。动词在句中作谓语,一般放在主语之后。谓语的构成如下:
1.简单谓语:由一个动词或动词短语构成。
Her father works in Nanjing.
2.复合谓语:(1)由情态动词或其他助动词加动词原形构成;(2)由系动词加表语构成。
They must have finished their tasks.
[例2] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ语法填空)Later, engineers ________ (manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道), which became known as the Tube.
[分析] managed 空格处在句中充当主句的谓语动词,根据时间状语later和定语从句的谓语动词became可知此处应用动词的一般过去时,且engineers与manage之间为主动关系,故填managed。
[练2] (2018·浙江11月高考语法填空)You probably have used caffeine since childhood. Caffeine ________ (be) in your first Coke.
解析:was 本空在句中充当谓语动词,为主系表结构;主语是“Caffeine”,为不可数名词,再结合语境可知时态应为一般过去时,所以应填was。
三、宾语——一直受到压制,有时“翻身农奴把歌唱”
宾语表示谓语动作的对象或承受者,一般位于及物动词和介词的后面,受到主语的限制和制约。宾语一般由名词、宾格代词、动名词、动词不定式或从句充当,根据需要也可用it作形式宾语。在被动结构中才会“翻身农奴把歌唱”。
1.双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)
Mr. Smith gave him a lot of valuable advice on how to improve his writing.(him为间接宾语;advice为直接宾语)
2.复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)
Doctors often advise us to pay more attention to our diets and mental health and to take regular examinations.(us为宾语;“to pay more attention ... regular examinations”为宾语补足语)
[例3] (2017·全国卷Ⅲ语法填空)But Sarah, who has taken part in shows along with top models, wants ________(prove) that she has brains as well as beauty.
[分析] to prove 根据句子结构可知,此处应该使用不定式作动词want的宾语。
[练3] (2018·浙江11月高考语法填空) One cup of coffee in the late afternoon or evening will cause ________ (they) to stay awake almost all night.
解析:them 分析句子结构可知,空格处在从句中作cause的宾语,故用其宾格形式them。
四、表语——最会察言观色,就看“主子”脸色
表语一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后,用以说明主语这个“主子”的身份、特征或状态等,一般由名词、名词性代词、形容词、分词、数词、动词不定式、动名词(短语)、介词短语、副词及表语从句等充当。
[例4] (2017·全国卷Ⅰ语法填空)However, be_____________ (care) not to go to extremes.
[分析] careful 句意:小心不要走极端。系动词be后应用形容词careful作表语。
[练4] (2018·浙江6月高考语法填空)The obvious one is money; eating out once or twice a week may be ______ (afford) but doing this most days adds up.
解析:affordable 每周在外面吃一两顿饭可以支付的起,但经常在外面吃钱就会增加,空处作表语,故填affordable。
五、定语——鞍前马后搞服务,全心全意勤务兵
修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。定语服务于它所修饰或限定的名词或代词,可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或定语从句等充当。定语有前置和后置两种情况,如短语结构、从句等作定语时,常置于被修饰词之后。
[例5] (2017·浙江6月高考语法填空)But something made her look closer, and she noticed a __________(shine) object.
[分析] shiny/shining 分析句子结构可知,空格处在句中作定语修饰名词object,故应用形容词形式。shiny“发光的”,shining“发光的,发亮的”。
[练5] (2016·四川高考语法填空)For 25 days, she never left her baby, not even to find something ________ (eat)!
解析:to eat 此处表示找吃的东西,动作尚未进行,故填to eat。
六、状语——行踪飘忽不定,却对动词“情有独钟”
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子,说明动作或状态特征的句子成分叫作状语。一般表示行为发生的时间、地点、目的、原因、条件、让步、方式、程度等意义。状语可由副词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词、状语从句等充当。
状语在句子中的位置很灵活,所以说它“行踪飘忽不定”。常见情况为:通常在句子基本结构后,强调时放在句首;修饰形容词或副词时,通常位于被修饰词之前;表示时间、地点、目的的状语一般位于句子两头,强调时放在句首,地点状语一般放在时间状语之前;一些表示频度的副词(如often, almost等)作状语通常位于be动词、助动词、情态动词之后、实义动词之前。
高考中一般考查副词修饰动词的用法,所以说它对动词“情有独钟”。
[例6] (2017·浙江6月高考语法填空)You need to ________ (real) read at least one good book a week, preferably a classic.
[分析] really 此处修饰动词read,用副词really作状语。
[练6] (2018·浙江11月高考语法填空) ________ (recent), caffeine has found its way into orange, apple, and other flavored drinks.
解析:Recently 此处作状语,修饰整个句子,应用副词,故应用recent的副词形式recently。
七、补语——始终寄人篱下,永远成不了“主人”
补语也叫补足语,主要起补充说明的作用,最常见的是宾语补足语和主语补足语,所以说它寄人篱下,成不了“主人”。宾语补足语可由名词、形容词、副词、动词不定式、分词、介词短语或从句充当。
[例7] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ改编)When summer comes, they will invite their students ________ (pick) the fresh vegetables!
[分析] to pick 本句为含时间状语从句的主从复合句,主句谓语动词为invite, “their students”是宾语,“pick the fresh vegetables”是宾语补足语,根据invite的固定用法“invite sb. to do sth.”可知,此处应填to pick。
[练7] (2015·浙江高考改编)Listening to music at home is one thing, going to hear it _______(perform) live is quite another.
解析:being performed 句意:在家听音乐是一回事,去现场听正在被演奏的音乐完全是另一回事。空格处为hear的宾语补足语,宾语it与perform之间为被动关系,且动作正在进行,故填being performed。
八、同位语——总是玩失踪,特殊场合还是显露原形
一个名词(或其他形式)对另一个名词或代词进行解释或说明作用,这个名词(或其他形式)就是同位语。英语句子表达中一般情况下是没有同位语的,所以说它“爱玩失踪”。如果要对前面的名词的具体内容作进一步的说明,这时候就需要同位语,可谓“显露原形”。
[例8] (2017·全国卷Ⅱ改编)Mr. and Mrs. Zhang ________ work in our school.
[分析] both 空处在句中充当主语Mr.and Mrs. Zhang的同位语,因为主语是两个人,故同位语应用both。
[练8] (2019·山东济宁一模)Mr. Johnson cares for us ________ (student) very much.
解析:students 名词student在句中作us的同位语成分,故根据us的意义可知,student需要用复数形式。
[专题过关训练]
Ⅰ.单句语法填空(从句子成分角度分析)
1.(2017·浙江11月高考语法填空)Another nice thing is that you learn both new words and ________ (they) use unconsciously ...
[答案] their
[分析] 这里的use为名词,应该用形容词性物主代词来修饰,作定语。
2.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)Instead, he hopes that his business will grow ________ (steady).
[答案] steadily
[分析] grow在此句中为实义动词,故应用副词形式修饰。
3.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)My uncle tells me that the key to his success is ________ (honest).
[答案] honesty
[分析] 从句中的主语是“the_key”,与表语构成同位关系,所以此处应用名词作表语。
4.(2016·全国卷Ⅱ)We can choose between staying at home and ________ (take) a trip.
[答案] taking
[分析] between_..._and是固定结构,and前后连接的是并列成分,因此and后需用动名词作宾语,和staying并列。
5.(2015·浙江高考改编)The position of the classroom with its view made me ________ (feel) like I was dreaming.
[答案] feel
[分析] make后常用不带to的不定式作宾语补足语。
Ⅱ.运用句子成分知识,将下列句子补充完整
1.(2018·浙江11月高考写作) 6月23号我乘坐从北京至伦敦的FL753班机时,我还随身携带着钱包。
I had my wallet with me when_I_boarded_FL753 from Beijing to London on June 23.
2.(2018·浙江11月高考概要写作)上网浏览学院的招生展会也会帮助你作出正确的决定。
Visiting_the_online_college_fairs can also help you make_the_right_decision.
3.(2017·浙江6月高考写作)所有这些活动都会帮助你放松自己。
All_these_activities_will_help you relax yourself.
4.(2017·浙江6月高考写作)我很荣幸能与你前去那里,一起享受这美好的日子。
I will_be_honored to have you there with us, enjoying_the_colorful_days.
5.(2017·浙江11月高考写作)很可能我们家全体成员都会在场,包括我祖父母、父母、叔叔、婶婶以及他们的孩子。
Chances are that_all_the_family_members_will_be_there,_including my grandparents, parents, uncles and aunts with their kids.
6.(2017·浙江11月高考写作)然后,我祖父母会给我们讲述一些民间故事,这些故事可以追溯到古时的中国。
Then my grandparents will tell us some folk tales, dating_back_to_ancient_China.
7.(2017·浙江11月高考写作)听说今年春节你不回去了,我很荣幸能邀请你和我的家人一起过春节。
Hearing_that_you_won't_go_back_this_Spring_Festival,_I'm more than honored to invite you to spend it with my family.
8.(2017·浙江11月高考写作)首先,我们会上一些中国的饭菜,像水饺和面条。
First, we'll have some_Chinese_cuisine,_like dumplings and noodles.
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