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高考英语一轮复习精讲学案:名词

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名 词 ‎1.具有某种特性、状态、特点、情感、情绪的人或事,表示变化了的词义时,这一抽象名词可作为可数名词。‎ ‎(1)difficulty 困难;a difficulty 一件难事 ‎(2)experience 经验;an experience 一次经历 ‎(3)failure 失败;a failure 一位失败者,一件失败的事 ‎(4)knowledge 知识;a good knowledge 对……精通/熟知 ‎(5)success 成功;a success 一位成功者,一件成功的事 ‎(6)surprise 惊奇;a surprise 一件令人吃惊的事 ‎(7)honour 荣誉;an honour 一位(件)带来荣誉的人或事 Failure is the mother of success.失败是成功之母。‎ The party last night was a success.We sang and danced until it came to an end.‎ 昨晚的晚会很成功,我们唱啊跳啊直到晚会结束。‎ Losing the game was a difficult experience for her.‎ 对她来说,输掉比赛是一种痛苦的经历。‎ ‎2.有些物质名词可个体化为可数名词 Would you like some coffee?你想喝点咖啡吗?‎ I would like a coffee and two beers.‎ 我想要一杯咖啡和两杯啤酒。‎ 物质名词 可数名词 物质名词 可数名词 drink 饮料 two drinks 两杯饮料 sugar 糖 a sugar ‎ 一块糖 coffee 咖啡 a coffee 一杯咖啡 paper 纸 a paper 一张报纸;‎ 一篇论文 tea 茶 two teas 两杯茶 hair 头发 a hair ‎ 一根头发 ‎1.(2010·济宁检测)We all hold the belief that ________2012 London Olympic Games will be ________success.‎ A./;a              B.the;/‎ C.the;a D.a;a 解析: 第一空为特指,应用定冠词the;第二空success 为抽象名词具体化,“一个成功的人或事”,应用不定冠词a,类似的词还有failure,pleasure 等。‎ 答案: C ‎2.(2010·福建卷)It’s________good feeling for people to admire the Shanghai World Expo that gives them________pleasure.‎ A./;a B.a;/‎ C.the;a D.a;the 解析: 句意为:上海世博会给人们带来了欢乐,欣赏世博会是一种美好的感受。有些不可数名词,如knowledge,command,feeling等,前面有“a/an+形容词”修饰时,表示一件具体的事情或一个……的人。pleasure意为“愉快,快乐”,为不可数名词,故不加冠词。‎ 答案: B ‎1.accident,incident,affair,event ‎(1)accident “意外事件,偶发事件”,一般指(不幸的)事故,如车祸、天灾之类。‎ ‎(2)incident 多指较小的事件、小插曲或人生中所碰到的虽小但留下较深印象的平凡事情,也可以指外交、政治方面的重大事件。‎ ‎(3)affair “事物,要事”,头绪繁多的事;恋爱事件。‎ ‎(4)event “大事”,也可指比赛项目。‎ ‎①One in seven accidents is caused by sleepy drivers.‎ 七分之一的交通事故是司机困倦造成的。‎ ‎②Three people were arrested in connection with the rockthrowing incident.3个人因与扔石头事件有关而被捕。‎ ‎③The Prime Minister is busy with affairs of state.‎ 首相忙于政务。‎ ‎④A daughter’s marriage is quite an event for a father.‎ 女儿的婚姻对父亲而言确实是件大事。‎ ‎2.quantity,personality,quality,character ‎(1)quantity 表示“数量”。‎ ‎(2)quality 既可以表示事物的“品质”,还可以表示人的“品德,素质”。‎ ‎(3)character 泛指性格,无所谓好坏,还可以表示“角色,文字,字母”。‎ ‎(4)personality 意为“个性”。‎ ‎①It’s often less expensive to buy goods in quantity,but you’d better exam the quality before buying them.‎ 大量购物便宜,但是在购买之前你最好检测质量。‎ ‎②(2009·湖北卷)Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health.It may also be good for character.‎ 独自徒步旅行可能会很有趣并且有益于健康。或许对意志的磨炼也有好处。‎ ‎3.condition,situation,state,position ‎(1)condition 意为“条件,情况,状况”,其单数形式指人或物所处的状况,这时与state 意义相近,常可互换,但condition 还常指由于一定原因或条件造成的状态,如人的健康状况、物的完好程度、设备的可用性等。复数形式多指一般、笼统的情况。‎ ‎(2)situation 指某一时间由各种情况造成的“处境”“形势”。‎ ‎(3)state 指人或事物所处的状态或状况,常和condition 换用,此外,state ‎ 还常表示思想、感情、心理等状态。‎ ‎(4)position 指人或事物所处的位置,地位。‎ ‎①(2009·陕西卷)From their position on the top of the TV Tower,visitors can have a better view of the city.‎ 从他们在电视塔顶的位置,游客们可以更好地看到这个城市。‎ ‎②School children must be taught how to deal with dangerous situations.学生们必须接受如何应付危险情况的教育。‎ ‎③I’ve had no exercise for ages,and I’m really out of condition.‎ 我好久不运动,身体欠佳。‎ ‎④They were silent for a long time,in a state of painful hesitation and doubt.‎ 他们处于一种痛苦的踌躇与疑虑状态中,长时间相对无言。‎ ‎4.power,strength,force,energy ‎(1)power 主要指做事所依靠的能力、功能,也可指人或机器等事物潜在的或发挥出来的力量,还可以指职权或政权。‎ ‎(2)strength 指固有的潜力。说人时,指“力气”;说物时,指“强度”。‎ ‎(3)force 主要指自然界的力量;暴力、势力以及法律、道德或感情的力量;军事力量等。‎ ‎(4)energy 主要指人的精力或自然界中的能量。‎ ‎①It’s not within my power to help you.‎ 我是爱莫能助啊。‎ ‎②A washing machine is a saver of time and strength.‎ 洗衣机省时又省力。‎ ‎③The UN tries to limit the use of force in conflicts.‎ 联合国尽力禁止使用暴力。‎ ‎④You’ll need to apply all your energy to this job.‎ 你需要把全部精力投入到这项工作中去。‎ ‎1.(2010·浙江卷)The school advisers help you talk through your problems but they don’t give you any direct________.‎ A.solution B.target C.measure D.function 解析: 句意为:学校顾问会帮你梳理一下你的问题,但是他们不会给你任何直接的解决办法。本题考查名词辨析。solution 解决问题的办法;target目标,靶子;measure措施;function功能,作用。根据句意选A。‎ 答案: A ‎2.(2010·江西卷)Last year the number of students who graduated with a driving licence reached 200,000,a(n)________of 40,000 per year.‎ A.average B.number C.amount D.quantity 解析: 句意为:去年毕业时就有驾照的学生数量已达到20万,平均每年4万。本题考查名词辨析。average 平均,平均数;a number of 许多,大量,修饰可数名词;an amount of 许多,大量,与不可数名词连用;a quantity of 许多,大量的,修饰可数和不可数名词。根据句意,选A。‎ 答案: A ‎3.(2011·黑龙江检测)If you’re looking for a ________,you can make it when it is on sale.‎ A.price B.bargain C.cost D.bill 解析: 考查名词词义辨析。on sale 表示“廉价出售”,因此应用bargain (特价商品)与之呼应。句意为:如果你在寻找特价商品,减价出售时你就可以买到。‎ 答案: B ‎4.(2010·烟台二模)An experienced doctor usually judges a patient’s illness according to the various________.‎ A.signs B.symptoms C.signals D.appearances 解析: 考查名词辨析。sign意思是“标记,迹象,记号”;symptom意思是“症状”;signal意思是“信号”;appearance意思是“外观,外表”。显然只有B项符合题意,即医生根据病人的症状判断病情。‎ 答案: B ‎1.(2010·山东卷)Those who suffer from headache will find they get________from this medicine.‎ A.relief B.safety C.defense D.shelter 解析: 句意为:患头痛的人将会发现通过使用这种药,他们的头痛会得到缓解。考查名词辨析。relief 轻松,缓和;safety 安全;defense 防御,保护;shelter 居所,庇护。‎ 答案: A ‎2.(2010·天津卷)James took the magazines off the little table to make________for the television.‎ A.room B.area C.field D.position 解析: 句意为:James 从小桌上拿走了(堆放的)杂志给电视机腾地方。本题考查了名词在动词短语中的用法。固定短语make room for sb./sth.为某人/某物腾地方。其余选项无此用法。‎ 答案: A ‎3.(2010·江苏卷)The doctor is skilled at treating heart trouble and never accepts any gift from his patients,so he has a very good________.‎ A.expectation B.reputation C.contribution D.civilization 解析: 句意为:这名医生对心脏病的治疗技术高超,并且从不接受病人送的任何礼品,因此,他名声很好。本题考查名词。expectation 期待,预料;reputation 名誉,名声,声望;contribution 贡献;civilization 文明。‎ 答案: B ‎4.(2010·安徽卷)I haven’t seen Sara since she was a little girl,and she has changed beyond________.‎ A.hearing B strength C.recognition D.measure 解析: 句意为:自从Sara 还是孩子的时候,我就一直没见过她。她现在已经变得(让人)认不出来了。beyond recognition—impossible to recognize 无法辨认。‎ 答案: C ‎5.(2010·湖北卷)This restaurant has become popular for its wide________of foods that suit all tastes and pockets.‎ A.division B.area C.range D.circle 解析: 句意为:这家餐馆很受欢迎,因为它提供各种食物,能满足各种口味和各种消费层次。本题考查名词辨析。四个名词选项的主要含义:division 区分,分开,除法,部门;area 区域,面积,范围;range:a number of people or things that are all different,but are all of the same ‎ general type 一系列,(变动或浮动的)范围,界限;circle 圆周,循环,社交圈。语境说能满足各种口味和消费层次,由此判断选C。‎ 答案: C ‎6.(2010·湖北卷)After the earthquake,the first thing the local government did was to provide________for the homeless families.‎ A.accommodation B.occupation C.equipment D.furniture 解析: 句意为:地震发生之后,当地政府所做的第一件事就是为无家可归的家庭提供住宿。本题考查名词辨析。四个名词选项的主要含义:accommodation 住处,停留处,膳宿;occupation 职业,占有期间,占有;equipment 设备,器材,装备,配备;furniture 家具。从语境的“地震之后”“失去家园的家庭”判断,本题选A表示提供“住宿”。‎ 答案: A ‎7.(2009·湖北卷) Hiking by oneself can be fun and good for health.It may also be good for________ building.‎ A.respect B.friendship C.reputation D.character 解析: 句意为:独自徒步旅行可能会很有趣并且有益于健康,或许对意志的磨炼也有好处。respect尊重,爱戴;friendship友谊;reputation名誉,荣誉,声望;character性格,品格,品质,特点,特性。又如:The little boy showed great character returning to school after earthquake.在地震发生后,小男孩重返学校表现出了他优秀的品质。‎ 答案: D ‎8.(2009·湖北卷)In our class,when the bell rang and the teacher closed his book,it was a________for everyone to stand up.‎ A.signal B.chance C.mark D.measure 解析: 句意为:在课堂上,铃声响起,老师合上书就是我们要起立的信号。signal信号,导火线;chance机会,运气;mark分数,标志;measure措施,办法,尺寸。又如:This is signal that you are breaking down.这是你身体逐渐变垮的信号。The signal that the war broke out between two countries is oil.两个国家爆发战争的导火线是石油。‎ 答案: A ‎9.(2009·安徽卷)China has got a good________for fighting against the flu with its careful and smooth organization.‎ A.reputation ‎ B.influence C.impression ‎ D.knowledge 解析: 句意为:在抗击流感方面,中国以细致和流畅的组织而获得良好的声誉。reputation声誉;influence影响;impression印象;knowledge知识。‎ 答案: A ‎10.(2009·山东卷)—He says that my new car is a________of money.‎ ‎—Don’t you think those words are just sour grapes?‎ A.lack B.load C.question D.waste 解析: 句意为:——他说我新买的小汽车浪费钱。——难道你不认为这是吃不到葡萄就说葡萄酸吗?lack缺乏;load负荷;question问题;waste浪费。‎ 答案: D ‎1.(2011·福建毕业班检测)Any help from you will be greatly appreciated.Please give me a reply at your earliest________.‎ A.interruption    B.instruction C.consideration    D.convenience 解析: 考查名词辨析。这里表示“请在你方便的时候尽早给我回复”,at your earliest convenience 是固定表达,表示“在你方便的时候请尽早”,符合语境。interruption打断;instruction 指导,指示;consideration 考虑。‎ 答案: D ‎2.(2011·浙江金华十校联考)If you ask why I plan to study in the United States,the only answer is that it is a(n) ________for me.‎ A.puzzle    B.advantage ‎ C.challenge    D.average 解析: 考查名词辨析。challenge 意思是“挑战”,即选择在美国学习的理由是因为这样做具有挑战性。其他选项不合语境;puzzle 意思是“困惑”;advantage 意思是“‎ 优点,优势”;average 意思是“平均数”。‎ 答案: C ‎3.(2011·浙江金华十校联考)The conference has been held to discuss the ________of global warming on people’s lives all over the world.‎ A.importance    B.effects C.protection    D.attitudes 解析: 考查名词辨析。effects 意思是“影响”,即讨论全球气候变暖对人们生活的影响。其他选项不合题意:importance 意思是“重要性”;protection 意思是“保护”;attitudes 意思是“态度”。‎ 答案: B ‎4.(2011·潍坊教学质量抽样监测)I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents’ ________will be to my poor examination result.‎ A.expression    B.reaction C.appearance    D.expectation 解析: 考查名词辨析。句意为:我真的有点担心,因为我不知道我父母对我不好的考试结果会是什么反应。expression 表情;reaction 反应;appearance 外表;expectation 期望。‎ 答案: B ‎5.(2011·陕西教学质量检测)There is no________in going to school for the students merely to learn some facts.‎ A.doubt    B.mind C.point    D.wonder 解析: 考查名词辨析。固定句式There is no point in doing sth.表示“做……是没有必要的”,其他搭配不正确,所以这里选C项。‎ 答案: C ‎6.(2011·郑州第二次检测)Here are some ________for you to follow when you take a test in chemistry.‎ A.patterns    B.tips C.topics    D.efforts 解析: 考查名词辨析。语境为“下面给你提出几点忠告,当你参加化学测验时应该遵循”。tip 忠告,意见;pattern 样式,花样,图案;topic 题目,论题,话题;effort 努力,尽力。‎ 答案: B ‎7.(2011·海南五校联考)Mr Li has some trouble sleeping,so drinking a glass of milk before going to bed every night is his common________.‎ A.practice    B.knowledge C.experience    D.duty 解析: 考查名词辨析。……因此每晚睡前喝一杯牛奶是他通常的做法。common practice 通常的做法,符合题意。‎ 答案: A ‎8.(2011·福建检测)—Paul has gone abroad to try his luck.‎ ‎—In my________,his decision is not wise.‎ A.word    B.view C.sight    D.way 解析: 考查名词。句意为:在我看来,他的决定不明智。in one’s view表示“在某人看来”。‎ 答案: B ‎9.(2011·安徽合肥第一次质检)My English teacher is really very kind.I’ll never forget the________he has done me.‎ A.favor    B.deed C.help    D.value 解析: 句意为:我的英语老师实在是太好了。我永远不会忘记他对我的帮助。do sb.a favor 帮助某人。‎ 答案: A ‎10.(2011·宝鸡检测一)The speech that Mr Smith made today gave a strong________on the students.‎ A.expression    B.impression C.reputation    D.expectation 解析: 考查名词的词义辨析。句意为:史密斯先生今天所做的演讲给学生们留下了深刻印象。give/leave/make an impression on sb.给某人留下印象。expression表情,表达;reputation声誉,名声;expectation期望,指望。‎ 答案: B ‎11.(2011·郑州一模)It was reported that the problem had been settled without much________.‎ A.affect    B.affair C.effect    D.effort 解析: 考查词义辨析。affect影响;affair事务;effect影响,效果;effort尝试,努力。据报道,问题没费多大事就解决了。根据语意可知,D项正确。without effort意思是“毫不费力地”。‎ 答案: D ‎12.(2011·潍坊检测)I am really a bit worried because I have no idea what my parents’________will be to my poor examination result.‎ A.expression    B.reaction C.appearance    D.expectation 解析: 考查名词辨析。句意为:我真的有点担心,因为我不知道我父母对我不好的考试结果会是什么反应。expression表情;reaction反应;appearance外表;expectation期望。‎ 答案: B ‎13.(2011·皖南八校第二次联考)Our government has decided to give________to those environmentallyfriendly businesses in many aspects.‎ A.profit    B.interest C.preference    D.advantage 解析: 考查名词辨析。profit利益;interest兴趣,嗜好,利息;preference偏爱,优待;advantage优势,有利条件。政府已经决定给那些环保的企业多方面的优惠政策。‎ 答案: C ‎14.(2011·长春第一次调研)Finding a girl struggling in the water,he threw himself into the water without________.‎ A.hesitation    B.suggestion C.order    D.asking 解析: 考查名词。发现一名女孩正在水中挣扎,他毫不犹豫地跳入水里。without hesitation毫不犹豫,符合题意。‎ 答案: A ‎15.(2011·西安检测)—How do you like the scenery (景色) here,Mr Black?‎ ‎—Wonderful indeed.Beyond all________,I suppose.‎ A.explanation    B.introduction C.description    D.instruction 解析: 考查名词的用法。beyond all description的意思是“无法(用言语)表达”,即这里的景色很美,无法用言语表达。‎ 答案: C